2015年成人學位英閱讀理態度題解題法
態度題
一篇文章不可避免地會反映作者的觀點、態度和情緒。能否正確地把握作者的觀點和態度是體現學生閱讀理解能力的一個重要方面。這類題目主要是考查學生能否正確理解作者的寫作意圖、所持的觀點及闡述文章主題時的語氣或對他所論述的對象的態度。命題者命制這類題時往往涉及對有爭議問題的看法，對事物的評價——作者持什么樣的態度?是贊同還是反對?是同情、冷漠、失望還是批評、表揚?
(一)常見的提問形式
The author's main purpose in this passage is ...
The author's purpose of writing this passage is...
In this passage the author's attitude toward.., could best be described as...
What is the author's attitude towards...
. The author's main thought is that...
. The author's probably feels that...
. The writer discusses.., in order to illustrate which of the following?
. In this passage the author looks on ... with an attitude of...
. What is the tone/mood of the passage?
. The author argues in the passage that...
. According to the author...
解作者態度(attitude)或語氣(tone)題，關鍵在于把握作者對全文主體事物(與主題有關)或某一具體事物的態度。由于作者態度主要由語言來表達，因此必須弄清有關表達褒義、中性和貶義的手段。
1．加入形容詞定語。
例如：A．His words were few．
B．His interesting words were few．
假如A為中性敘述的話，那么B則體現了說話人對“He”的正面評價。
又如：C．They are all seniors．
D．They are all premature seniors．
同樣，假如C項為中性敘述，那么由于加入形容詞定語“premature”，D項表達了一種貶義。
2．加入副詞狀語。加入的副詞狀語通常是對動詞的敘述加以界定。
例如：He successfully makes the travel plan．(表明一種正面態度)；They speak clumsily．(表明一種負面態度)
3．特殊動詞。英語中有些動詞也表明說話者的正負態度，如：fail(未能)、ignore(忽視)、overestimate(估計過高)等動詞表示一種負態度。由上可知，確定作者態度，可以有兩種思路：問全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據闡述主題或有關主體事物的相關句中的形容詞、副詞或動詞，確定作者的態度；如果問的是對某一具體事物的態度，則可以定位到具體相關句，然后確定答案。
例l3
English folk singers have adopted a conventional method of singing. During the performance the eyes are closed,the head is upraised,and a rigid expression of counte-nance is maintained until the song is finished. A short pause follows the conclusion,and then the singer relaxes his attitude and repeats in his ordinary voice the last line of the song, or its title. This is the invariably ritual or formal occasions. It does not proceed from any lack of appreciation. The English peasant is by nature a shy man and unde- monstrative, and on ceremonious occasions, as when he is singing before an audience, he becomes very nervous and restrained, and welcomes the shelter afforded by conven-tion.
The tone of this passage is best described as
A. persuading
B. pleading
C. matter-of-fact
D. ironic
這篇文章的語氣是什么?是勸說性的A，或是懇求性的B，或客觀的敘述C，或諷刺批評D?通讀全文，我們體會不出A，B和D的語氣。作者只是實事求是地描述英國鄉村歌手的演唱風格及其造成的原因。因此C是答案。
例14
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible．If we are to solve the nursing shortage(不足)，hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example．
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state．Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’S illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary．
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization，keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor．If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment，it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose an- other approach to his doctor．What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague．
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized(分散的)nursing administra- tion；every floor，every unit is a self-contained organization．There are nurse-manag-ers instead of head nurses：in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hir-ing and dismissin9，employee advisin9，and they make salary recommendations．Each unit’S nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when．
Beth Israel’S nurse—in—chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hos-pital．She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee，which in most hospi-tals includes only doctors．
The author’S attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is
A．negative
B．neutral
C．critical
D．positive
這道題與文章主題有關，只需看主題句——文章首句：Nursing at Beth Israel Hos-pital produces the best patient care possible．就可以了，由其中的褒義形容詞“best”可以推出作者對Beth Israel Hospital護理體制的褒揚，因此D為正確答案。
例l5
Where do pesticides (殺蟲劑) fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause ex- tremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesti-cides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative (積累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his life- time. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. "Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,"says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed. "
What is the author's attitude towards the environmental effects of pesticides.?
A. Pessimistic.
C. Defensive.
B. Indifferent.
D. Concerned.
對這個問題的回答需要對全文主題有較好的把握：作者一開始就指出殺蟲劑對環境的破壞，由此感慨人類可能受到影響；作者在第二段和第三段提醒人們不僅要注意大劑量的殺蟲劑可以殺人，而且更要注意小劑量殺蟲劑進入人體后日積月累所造成的更大危害，可是人們往往忽視后者所造成的危害。由作者提出這個問題并指出其危害，可見作者關心這個問題，因此D為正確答案。C的說法：“為殺蟲劑對環境造成的后果進行辯護”不合邏輯，為錯誤選項。
除了知道如何尋找答案外，了解答案本身的含義也很重要；有些考生能對作者的態度做出正確判斷，但對答案理解不清，也找不到正確答案。用于作者態度題選項的詞可以按照經常一起出現的頻率分為幾大類。
A
positive肯定的，贊成的approving贊成的
negative否定的，反對的critical批評的
questioning質問的neutral中立的
detached不偏不倚的suspicious懷疑的
doubtful不敢肯定的compromising妥協的
tolerant忍讓的
B
indifferent不感興趣的，不偏不倚的unconcerned不關心的
concerned關注的worried擔憂的
pessimistic悲觀的depressed沮喪的
confident有信心的optimistic樂觀的
interested感興趣的impressed有深刻印象的
contemptuous鄙視的hostile有敵意的
C
subjective主觀的personal有個人觀點的，感情的
persuasive說服人的biased帶偏見的
opinionated固執己見的objective客觀的
impersonal不帶個人感情的informative提供信息的
factual實事求是的impartial不偏袒的
D
formal正式的reverent恭敬的
polite拘束的informal非正式的
casual隨便的familiar熟悉的
(二)總結
在判斷作者觀點態度時，應注意以下幾方面。
1．有時作者先介紹某一種觀點，接著又在后面提出了相反的觀點。要正確判斷作者的態度或觀點，必須將上下文聯系起來看。
2．必須注意文章中所陳述的內容并不都代表作者的觀點，應加以區別判斷。
3．作者也可通過使用詞匯的手段來暗示自己對文中某一具體問題所持的態度和觀點。這時，要仔細琢磨文中所用詞匯的特點，弄明白作者的真實意圖和傾向。
4．利用文章的中心思想和題材結構推斷作者的態度。科技文章一般堅持實事求是的客觀態度；議論則是表明對某件事情的主觀看法，或贊成或反對或表揚或批評。
一篇文章不可避免地會反映作者的觀點、態度和情緒。能否正確地把握作者的觀點和態度是體現學生閱讀理解能力的一個重要方面。這類題目主要是考查學生能否正確理解作者的寫作意圖、所持的觀點及闡述文章主題時的語氣或對他所論述的對象的態度。命題者命制這類題時往往涉及對有爭議問題的看法，對事物的評價——作者持什么樣的態度?是贊同還是反對?是同情、冷漠、失望還是批評、表揚?
(一)常見的提問形式
The author's main purpose in this passage is ...
The author's purpose of writing this passage is...
In this passage the author's attitude toward.., could best be described as...
What is the author's attitude towards...
. The author's main thought is that...
. The author's probably feels that...
. The writer discusses.., in order to illustrate which of the following?
. In this passage the author looks on ... with an attitude of...
. What is the tone/mood of the passage?
. The author argues in the passage that...
. According to the author...
解作者態度(attitude)或語氣(tone)題，關鍵在于把握作者對全文主體事物(與主題有關)或某一具體事物的態度。由于作者態度主要由語言來表達，因此必須弄清有關表達褒義、中性和貶義的手段。
1．加入形容詞定語。
例如：A．His words were few．
B．His interesting words were few．
假如A為中性敘述的話，那么B則體現了說話人對“He”的正面評價。
又如：C．They are all seniors．
D．They are all premature seniors．
同樣，假如C項為中性敘述，那么由于加入形容詞定語“premature”，D項表達了一種貶義。
2．加入副詞狀語。加入的副詞狀語通常是對動詞的敘述加以界定。
例如：He successfully makes the travel plan．(表明一種正面態度)；They speak clumsily．(表明一種負面態度)
3．特殊動詞。英語中有些動詞也表明說話者的正負態度，如：fail(未能)、ignore(忽視)、overestimate(估計過高)等動詞表示一種負態度。由上可知，確定作者態度，可以有兩種思路：問全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據闡述主題或有關主體事物的相關句中的形容詞、副詞或動詞，確定作者的態度；如果問的是對某一具體事物的態度，則可以定位到具體相關句，然后確定答案。
例l3
English folk singers have adopted a conventional method of singing. During the performance the eyes are closed,the head is upraised,and a rigid expression of counte-nance is maintained until the song is finished. A short pause follows the conclusion,and then the singer relaxes his attitude and repeats in his ordinary voice the last line of the song, or its title. This is the invariably ritual or formal occasions. It does not proceed from any lack of appreciation. The English peasant is by nature a shy man and unde- monstrative, and on ceremonious occasions, as when he is singing before an audience, he becomes very nervous and restrained, and welcomes the shelter afforded by conven-tion.
The tone of this passage is best described as
A. persuading
B. pleading
C. matter-of-fact
D. ironic
這篇文章的語氣是什么?是勸說性的A，或是懇求性的B，或客觀的敘述C，或諷刺批評D?通讀全文，我們體會不出A，B和D的語氣。作者只是實事求是地描述英國鄉村歌手的演唱風格及其造成的原因。因此C是答案。
例14
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible．If we are to solve the nursing shortage(不足)，hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example．
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state．Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’S illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary．
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization，keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor．If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment，it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose an- other approach to his doctor．What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague．
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized(分散的)nursing administra- tion；every floor，every unit is a self-contained organization．There are nurse-manag-ers instead of head nurses：in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hir-ing and dismissin9，employee advisin9，and they make salary recommendations．Each unit’S nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when．
Beth Israel’S nurse—in—chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hos-pital．She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee，which in most hospi-tals includes only doctors．
The author’S attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is
A．negative
B．neutral
C．critical
D．positive
這道題與文章主題有關，只需看主題句——文章首句：Nursing at Beth Israel Hos-pital produces the best patient care possible．就可以了，由其中的褒義形容詞“best”可以推出作者對Beth Israel Hospital護理體制的褒揚，因此D為正確答案。
例l5
Where do pesticides (殺蟲劑) fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause ex- tremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesti-cides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative (積累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his life- time. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. "Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,"says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed. "
What is the author's attitude towards the environmental effects of pesticides.?
A. Pessimistic.
C. Defensive.
B. Indifferent.
D. Concerned.
對這個問題的回答需要對全文主題有較好的把握：作者一開始就指出殺蟲劑對環境的破壞，由此感慨人類可能受到影響；作者在第二段和第三段提醒人們不僅要注意大劑量的殺蟲劑可以殺人，而且更要注意小劑量殺蟲劑進入人體后日積月累所造成的更大危害，可是人們往往忽視后者所造成的危害。由作者提出這個問題并指出其危害，可見作者關心這個問題，因此D為正確答案。C的說法：“為殺蟲劑對環境造成的后果進行辯護”不合邏輯，為錯誤選項。
除了知道如何尋找答案外，了解答案本身的含義也很重要；有些考生能對作者的態度做出正確判斷，但對答案理解不清，也找不到正確答案。用于作者態度題選項的詞可以按照經常一起出現的頻率分為幾大類。
A
positive肯定的，贊成的approving贊成的
negative否定的，反對的critical批評的
questioning質問的neutral中立的
detached不偏不倚的suspicious懷疑的
doubtful不敢肯定的compromising妥協的
tolerant忍讓的
B
indifferent不感興趣的，不偏不倚的unconcerned不關心的
concerned關注的worried擔憂的
pessimistic悲觀的depressed沮喪的
confident有信心的optimistic樂觀的
interested感興趣的impressed有深刻印象的
contemptuous鄙視的hostile有敵意的
C
subjective主觀的personal有個人觀點的，感情的
persuasive說服人的biased帶偏見的
opinionated固執己見的objective客觀的
impersonal不帶個人感情的informative提供信息的
factual實事求是的impartial不偏袒的
D
formal正式的reverent恭敬的
polite拘束的informal非正式的
casual隨便的familiar熟悉的
(二)總結
在判斷作者觀點態度時，應注意以下幾方面。
1．有時作者先介紹某一種觀點，接著又在后面提出了相反的觀點。要正確判斷作者的態度或觀點，必須將上下文聯系起來看。
2．必須注意文章中所陳述的內容并不都代表作者的觀點，應加以區別判斷。
3．作者也可通過使用詞匯的手段來暗示自己對文中某一具體問題所持的態度和觀點。這時，要仔細琢磨文中所用詞匯的特點，弄明白作者的真實意圖和傾向。
4．利用文章的中心思想和題材結構推斷作者的態度。科技文章一般堅持實事求是的客觀態度；議論則是表明對某件事情的主觀看法，或贊成或反對或表揚或批評。
責編：cll