2015年成人學(xué)位英閱讀理推理題解題法
推理題
大學(xué)英語考試中的閱讀理解部分主要測(cè)試下述能力。
1．掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；
3．既理解字面意思，也能根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推論；
4．既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。
其中所測(cè)試的第三種能力就是與推理題有關(guān)的，要求在理解表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以表面文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即對(duì)原文某一句話或某幾句話做同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜合。推理題的目的是考識(shí)別能力，并不涉及復(fù)雜的判斷和推理。因此，推理題的主要做法是：速讀原文后，根據(jù)問題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或選項(xiàng)中的線索找到原文的相關(guān)句，讀懂后，比照選項(xiàng)，對(duì)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行同義改寫或綜合概括的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。做題時(shí)要注意題干的語言形式，如：According to the passage；It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，雖然從表面上看是問有關(guān)全文的問題，但實(shí)際上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的線索找到原文中與之相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話，然后得出答案。針對(duì)推理題的不同形式，可以采取以下做法。
(1)假如題干中提到具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關(guān)句(一句或幾句話)，然后做出推理。
(2)假如題干中無線索，如：It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，先掃一下四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，排除不太可能的選項(xiàng)，然后根據(jù)有可能的選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞找到原文相關(guān)句，做出推理。
(3)如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題，如infer，conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，應(yīng)該定位到文章主題所在位置(如主題句出現(xiàn)處)；假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關(guān)，如果如此，應(yīng)該找段落主題所在處；如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時(shí)與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，這時(shí)可以尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的原文敘述。
例59
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early interconti- nental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形狀) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on
A. an academic aspect
B. a military aspect
C. a business aspect
D. an international aspect
本題問的是鋪設(shè)海底電纜這一建議使海洋學(xué)研究具有什么性質(zhì)。只需根據(jù)題干找到原文的相關(guān)句：The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed．只有當(dāng)有人建議鋪設(shè)一條從歐洲到美洲的海底電纜時(shí)，人們才開始從商業(yè)意義上對(duì)海底進(jìn)行探索。由此可知，鋪設(shè)海底電纜這一建議使海洋學(xué)研究具有商業(yè)性，那么C為正確答案。
例60
During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body tem-perature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues ( 自言自語) as: "Get up, John ! you'll be late for work again !" The pos-sible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the eve-ning. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cy-cles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A. Unawareness of energy cycles.
B. Familiar monologues.
C. A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“family quarrels”找到原文相關(guān)句：Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean，and which cycle each member of the family has．假如夫妻明白能量周期是怎么回事，了解各個(gè)家庭成員擁有的周期，許多家庭爭吵就會(huì)消失。那么，反之，不明白能量周期，就可能導(dǎo)致家庭爭吵，因此A為正確答案。
例61
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy pro-gramme, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spend-ing it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide
A. more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B. only 3％ of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
C. less than 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D. 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中提供的線索找到原文中的相關(guān)句：…that it was most unlikely that so-lar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year 2000。既然2000年以后能提供的能量比例都不能達(dá)到3％，那么2000年以前就更不可能了，因此C為正確答案。
例62
If women are mercilessly exploited (剝削) year after year, they have only them-selves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of stand-ing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has noth-ing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened； neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, com-fort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to bedrawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one won-ders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the of clothing.
A. cost
B. appearance
C. comfort
D. suitability
本題干以虛擬語氣的形式問：假如時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們更重視服裝的哪個(gè)方面會(huì)使作者對(duì)他們的態(tài)度更溫和一些(不如此尖刻)?由此可知作者在文中對(duì)時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師做過批判(第三段第二句)：Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth，comfort and durability(耐用)．根據(jù)上述相關(guān)句可知作者認(rèn)為時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師不重視舒適，因此C為正確答案。
例63
We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesticides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
In the author's view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides
A. is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides
B. now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths
C. has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attention
D. is unavoidable because people can't do without pesticides in farming
題干所說的問題在第二句：But this is not the major problem…we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides…但這不是主要的問題……我們必須更加關(guān)注吸收小量殺蟲劑所產(chǎn)生的延發(fā)效應(yīng)……，由此可知，作者認(rèn)為接觸大劑量殺蟲劑所引起的突然死亡并非使用殺蟲劑造成的壞后果，因此A項(xiàng)為正確答案。B、c、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均無法由原文推出，所以都應(yīng)排除。
例64
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it un-der intentional control.
According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problems
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
根據(jù)題干中的線索找到原文的相關(guān)句：Papousek concluded that…and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control．A項(xiàng)對(duì)Papousek結(jié)論的第二部分進(jìn)行了同義改寫，為正確答案。
例65
In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher (肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man deliv-ered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and sur-plus (剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The statement "In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. " suggests
that
A. the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties
B. the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties
C. there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s
D. the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s
題干的意思是：50年代(fifties)沒有冰箱(fridgeless)，當(dāng)時(shí)我正值童年，但吃得不錯(cuò)，也很健康。只有C項(xiàng)表達(dá)了這個(gè)意思，為正確答案。A、B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的詞組in his fifties意為“他五十幾歲時(shí)”，與題干中的童年時(shí)代(childhood)相矛盾。這一語法差別值得考生注意：in one’s fifties(五十幾歲)；in the fifties(50年代)，in the l950’S(50年代)。D項(xiàng)的意思與題干中的沒有冰箱(fridgeless)不符，所以也不對(duì)。
大學(xué)英語考試中的閱讀理解部分主要測(cè)試下述能力。
1．掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；
3．既理解字面意思，也能根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推論；
4．既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。
其中所測(cè)試的第三種能力就是與推理題有關(guān)的，要求在理解表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以表面文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即對(duì)原文某一句話或某幾句話做同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜合。推理題的目的是考識(shí)別能力，并不涉及復(fù)雜的判斷和推理。因此，推理題的主要做法是：速讀原文后，根據(jù)問題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或選項(xiàng)中的線索找到原文的相關(guān)句，讀懂后，比照選項(xiàng)，對(duì)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行同義改寫或綜合概括的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。做題時(shí)要注意題干的語言形式，如：According to the passage；It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，雖然從表面上看是問有關(guān)全文的問題，但實(shí)際上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的線索找到原文中與之相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話，然后得出答案。針對(duì)推理題的不同形式，可以采取以下做法。
(1)假如題干中提到具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關(guān)句(一句或幾句話)，然后做出推理。
(2)假如題干中無線索，如：It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，先掃一下四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，排除不太可能的選項(xiàng)，然后根據(jù)有可能的選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞找到原文相關(guān)句，做出推理。
(3)如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題，如infer，conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，應(yīng)該定位到文章主題所在位置(如主題句出現(xiàn)處)；假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關(guān)，如果如此，應(yīng)該找段落主題所在處；如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時(shí)與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，這時(shí)可以尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的原文敘述。
例59
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early interconti- nental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形狀) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on
A. an academic aspect
B. a military aspect
C. a business aspect
D. an international aspect
本題問的是鋪設(shè)海底電纜這一建議使海洋學(xué)研究具有什么性質(zhì)。只需根據(jù)題干找到原文的相關(guān)句：The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed．只有當(dāng)有人建議鋪設(shè)一條從歐洲到美洲的海底電纜時(shí)，人們才開始從商業(yè)意義上對(duì)海底進(jìn)行探索。由此可知，鋪設(shè)海底電纜這一建議使海洋學(xué)研究具有商業(yè)性，那么C為正確答案。
例60
During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body tem-perature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues ( 自言自語) as: "Get up, John ! you'll be late for work again !" The pos-sible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the eve-ning. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cy-cles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A. Unawareness of energy cycles.
B. Familiar monologues.
C. A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“family quarrels”找到原文相關(guān)句：Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean，and which cycle each member of the family has．假如夫妻明白能量周期是怎么回事，了解各個(gè)家庭成員擁有的周期，許多家庭爭吵就會(huì)消失。那么，反之，不明白能量周期，就可能導(dǎo)致家庭爭吵，因此A為正確答案。
例61
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy pro-gramme, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spend-ing it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide
A. more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B. only 3％ of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
C. less than 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D. 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中提供的線索找到原文中的相關(guān)句：…that it was most unlikely that so-lar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year 2000。既然2000年以后能提供的能量比例都不能達(dá)到3％，那么2000年以前就更不可能了，因此C為正確答案。
例62
If women are mercilessly exploited (剝削) year after year, they have only them-selves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of stand-ing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has noth-ing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened； neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, com-fort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to bedrawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one won-ders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the of clothing.
A. cost
B. appearance
C. comfort
D. suitability
本題干以虛擬語氣的形式問：假如時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們更重視服裝的哪個(gè)方面會(huì)使作者對(duì)他們的態(tài)度更溫和一些(不如此尖刻)?由此可知作者在文中對(duì)時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師做過批判(第三段第二句)：Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth，comfort and durability(耐用)．根據(jù)上述相關(guān)句可知作者認(rèn)為時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師不重視舒適，因此C為正確答案。
例63
We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesticides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
In the author's view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides
A. is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides
B. now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths
C. has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attention
D. is unavoidable because people can't do without pesticides in farming
題干所說的問題在第二句：But this is not the major problem…we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides…但這不是主要的問題……我們必須更加關(guān)注吸收小量殺蟲劑所產(chǎn)生的延發(fā)效應(yīng)……，由此可知，作者認(rèn)為接觸大劑量殺蟲劑所引起的突然死亡并非使用殺蟲劑造成的壞后果，因此A項(xiàng)為正確答案。B、c、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均無法由原文推出，所以都應(yīng)排除。
例64
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it un-der intentional control.
According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problems
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
根據(jù)題干中的線索找到原文的相關(guān)句：Papousek concluded that…and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control．A項(xiàng)對(duì)Papousek結(jié)論的第二部分進(jìn)行了同義改寫，為正確答案。
例65
In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher (肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man deliv-ered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and sur-plus (剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The statement "In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. " suggests
that
A. the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties
B. the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties
C. there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s
D. the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s
題干的意思是：50年代(fifties)沒有冰箱(fridgeless)，當(dāng)時(shí)我正值童年，但吃得不錯(cuò)，也很健康。只有C項(xiàng)表達(dá)了這個(gè)意思，為正確答案。A、B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的詞組in his fifties意為“他五十幾歲時(shí)”，與題干中的童年時(shí)代(childhood)相矛盾。這一語法差別值得考生注意：in one’s fifties(五十幾歲)；in the fifties(50年代)，in the l950’S(50年代)。D項(xiàng)的意思與題干中的沒有冰箱(fridgeless)不符，所以也不對(duì)。
學(xué)位英語:2015年成人學(xué)位英語報(bào)名專題強(qiáng)化試題及答案 學(xué)位英語2003-2014年真題及答案
責(zé)編：cll