2015年成人學(xué)位英閱讀理推論題解題法
推論題
題干中含有infer，conclude的推理題稱為推論題。要求推出的結(jié)論可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，也可能關(guān)系不大，但不管如何，碰到這種推理題，都應(yīng)盡可能在速讀完全文后再做，因為它的綜合性較強(qiáng)。與主旨有關(guān)的推論題，可以仔細(xì)閱讀文中表達(dá)主旨的相關(guān)句；在讀完文章后，掃一下選項，排除不太可能的選項(如：與原文明顯相矛盾的，提到了原文找不到依據(jù)的事實、細(xì)節(jié)或觀點)，將剩下的選項回原文尋找語言證據(jù)，互相對照，能夠由原文表面文字信息合理推出來的，即為正確答案。
例66
People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some rela-tionship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic (預(yù)言的) because a few have come true； they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not.
Consider also the belief that "the phone always rings when I'm in the shower. "If it does ring while you are in the shower, the even will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn't ring, that nonevent probably won't even register (留下印象).
People. want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for example, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths "happen in
threes. "Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the
time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as
their "happening together" is one month; if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time
is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such beliefs.
We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an auto-mobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling ex-plains, "Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy," This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.
Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious (謹(jǐn)慎的) in drawing conclusions. The "evidence" of everyday life is sometimes misleading.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Happenings that go unnoticed deserve more attention.
B. In a series of misfortunes the third one is usually the most serious.
C. People tend to make use of evidence that supports their own beliefs.
D. Believers of misfortunes happening in threes are cautious in interpreting events.
瀏覽一下選項，B與D在原文找不到依據(jù)，而C與文章首句People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some relationship．意思不符，所以均應(yīng)排除。文章段和第二段各舉了一個例子：段指出人們因為一些夢想成真而忽視了多數(shù)夢想沒有變成現(xiàn)實這一事實；第二段指出人們總是抱怨“每次淋浴電話就響”，但卻忽視了大多數(shù)淋浴時電話并不響這一事實。這兩個例子都說明人們易于記住表明某種關(guān)系的少數(shù)事件，而對多數(shù)事件注意不夠。因此A為正確答案。
例67
Exchange a glance with someone, then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement? Hold the glance for a second longer, and you have made a different statement. Hold it for 3 seconds, and the meaning has changed again. For every social situation, there is a permissible time that you can hold a person's gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive. If you are on an elevator, what gaze-time are you per- mitted? To answer this question, consider what you typically do. You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up (打量) and to assure them that you mean no threat. Since being close to another person signals the possibility of interac-tion. You need to emit a signal telling others you want to be left alone. So you cut off eye contact，what sociologist Erving Golfman(1963)calls“a dimming of the lights．’’
You look down at the floor，at the indicator lights，anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes．Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an eleva-tor，you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable，and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself．
It can be inferred from the paragraph that
A．every glance has its significance
B．staring at a person is an expression of interest
C．a(chǎn) gaze longer than 3 seconds is unacceptable
D．a(chǎn) glance conveys more meaning than words
瀏覽一下選項，可以先排除8與C，因為上文并未討論這兩點；再看一下文中的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，剛開始幾句從總的方面論述：Exchange a glance with someone，then look away．Do you realize that you have made a statement．*Hold the glance for a second longer，and you have made a different statement．Hold it for 3 seconds，and the meaning has changed again．每一瞥的含義隨時間長短變化而變化，接著舉例說明在不同場合中的具體情況。由此可知，A：每一瞥均有其本身的含義(即各瞥含義不同)為正確答案，D所提到的比較，在原文中找不到依據(jù)，應(yīng)該排除。
例68
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students，Eisenberger holds． As an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades．
It can be inferred from the passage that maj or universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ．
A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B．punishment is more effective than rewarding
C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D．discouraging the students’anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgencv
這是文中Eisenberger舉的一個例子(第二句)，其目的是為了說明Eisenberger的觀點：假如老師總是讓學(xué)生關(guān)注獎勵，或者對表現(xiàn)一般的學(xué)生也給高分，那么學(xué)生們終都會不求進(jìn)取——A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students，A表達(dá)的正是此意。
例69
The human brain contains lo thousand million cells and each of these mav have a thousand connections． Such enormous numbers used tO discourage US and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human—like ability，but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure． Quite soon。In only lo or 20 years perhaps，we will be able to assemble a machine as compiex as the human brain, and if we can we will. It may then take us a long time to render it intelli-gent by loading in the right software (軟件) or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.
I think it certain that in decades, not centuries, machines of silicon (硅) will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors. Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design. In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves. Silicon will have ended carbon's long control. And we will no longer be able to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence in the known universe.
As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments, harmful to ourselves. Thus, deserts may bloom and the ocean beds be mined. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the con- struction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of peo-ple, will he within our power.
It can be inferred from the passage that
A. after the installation of a great number of ceils and connections, robots will be capable of self-reproduction
B. with the rapid development of technology, people have come to realize the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability
C. once we make a machine as complex as the human brain, it will possess intelligence
D. robots will have control of the vast, man-made world in space
正確答案為B。文章段開始時敘述由于人腦極其復(fù)雜，以致我們排除了制造智能機(jī)器人的可能性，但從第二旬后半部分開始說明存在這種可能性；第二段首句進(jìn)一步肯定這種可能性：I think it certain that in decades，not centuries，machines of silicon(硅)will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors．第三段以智能機(jī)器人在未來的利用肯定其出現(xiàn)的可能性，由此可以推出B項為正確答案：隨著科技的迅速發(fā)展，有可能制造出智能機(jī)器人。
例70
Despite the good news, civil engineers aren't resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blue prints (藍(lán)圖) for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.
In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a build- ing off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its founda- tion to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the op- posite direction.
The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, that would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.
It can be inferred from the passage that in minimizing the damage caused by earth- quakes attention should be focused on
A. the increasing use of rubber and steel in capital construction
B. the development of flexible building materials
C. the reduction of the impact of ground vibrations
D. early forecasts of earthquakes
有關(guān)抗震方法集中在第二段，其中第二句指出：Later，people tried to lift a building off its foundation，and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations．由此可知，減少地震破壞的方法是減少地面震動所造成的沖擊，C項符合題意，為正確答案。D項為無關(guān)答案，而A項與B項只是抗震材料的種類，其目的仍然是為了減少地面震動造成的沖擊；事實上，只要能抗震，其他材料也行，所以應(yīng)排除它們。
例71
People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some rela- tionship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic (預(yù)言的) because a few have come true; they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not.
Consider also the belief that "the phone always rings when I'm in the shower". If it does ring while you are in the shower, the even will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn't ring, that nonevent probably won't even register (留下印象).
People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for exam-ple, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths "happen in threes". Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as their "happening together" is one month； if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such be-liefs.
We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an auto-mobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling ex-plains, "Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values., careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy," This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.
Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious (謹(jǐn)慎的) in drawing conclusions. The "evidence" of everyday life is sometimes misleading.
It can be concluded from the passage that
A. there is some truth even in the wildest dreams
B. one should take notice of other people's merits
C. there is no order or pattern in world events
D. we should not base our conclusions on accidental evidence
這道題為這篇文章的后一道題，所以要求推出的結(jié)論可能在后一段：Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious(謹(jǐn)慎的)in drawing conclusions．The“evidence”of everyday life is sometimes misleading．由此可以推出：不應(yīng)該以隨機(jī)證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)得出結(jié)論(因為它們有誤導(dǎo)性)。因此D為正確答案。
題干中含有infer，conclude的推理題稱為推論題。要求推出的結(jié)論可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，也可能關(guān)系不大，但不管如何，碰到這種推理題，都應(yīng)盡可能在速讀完全文后再做，因為它的綜合性較強(qiáng)。與主旨有關(guān)的推論題，可以仔細(xì)閱讀文中表達(dá)主旨的相關(guān)句；在讀完文章后，掃一下選項，排除不太可能的選項(如：與原文明顯相矛盾的，提到了原文找不到依據(jù)的事實、細(xì)節(jié)或觀點)，將剩下的選項回原文尋找語言證據(jù)，互相對照，能夠由原文表面文字信息合理推出來的，即為正確答案。
例66
People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some rela-tionship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic (預(yù)言的) because a few have come true； they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not.
Consider also the belief that "the phone always rings when I'm in the shower. "If it does ring while you are in the shower, the even will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn't ring, that nonevent probably won't even register (留下印象).
People. want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for example, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths "happen in
threes. "Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the
time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as
their "happening together" is one month; if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time
is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such beliefs.
We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an auto-mobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling ex-plains, "Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy," This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.
Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious (謹(jǐn)慎的) in drawing conclusions. The "evidence" of everyday life is sometimes misleading.
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Happenings that go unnoticed deserve more attention.
B. In a series of misfortunes the third one is usually the most serious.
C. People tend to make use of evidence that supports their own beliefs.
D. Believers of misfortunes happening in threes are cautious in interpreting events.
瀏覽一下選項，B與D在原文找不到依據(jù)，而C與文章首句People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some relationship．意思不符，所以均應(yīng)排除。文章段和第二段各舉了一個例子：段指出人們因為一些夢想成真而忽視了多數(shù)夢想沒有變成現(xiàn)實這一事實；第二段指出人們總是抱怨“每次淋浴電話就響”，但卻忽視了大多數(shù)淋浴時電話并不響這一事實。這兩個例子都說明人們易于記住表明某種關(guān)系的少數(shù)事件，而對多數(shù)事件注意不夠。因此A為正確答案。
例67
Exchange a glance with someone, then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement? Hold the glance for a second longer, and you have made a different statement. Hold it for 3 seconds, and the meaning has changed again. For every social situation, there is a permissible time that you can hold a person's gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive. If you are on an elevator, what gaze-time are you per- mitted? To answer this question, consider what you typically do. You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up (打量) and to assure them that you mean no threat. Since being close to another person signals the possibility of interac-tion. You need to emit a signal telling others you want to be left alone. So you cut off eye contact，what sociologist Erving Golfman(1963)calls“a dimming of the lights．’’
You look down at the floor，at the indicator lights，anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes．Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an eleva-tor，you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable，and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself．
It can be inferred from the paragraph that
A．every glance has its significance
B．staring at a person is an expression of interest
C．a(chǎn) gaze longer than 3 seconds is unacceptable
D．a(chǎn) glance conveys more meaning than words
瀏覽一下選項，可以先排除8與C，因為上文并未討論這兩點；再看一下文中的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，剛開始幾句從總的方面論述：Exchange a glance with someone，then look away．Do you realize that you have made a statement．*Hold the glance for a second longer，and you have made a different statement．Hold it for 3 seconds，and the meaning has changed again．每一瞥的含義隨時間長短變化而變化，接著舉例說明在不同場合中的具體情況。由此可知，A：每一瞥均有其本身的含義(即各瞥含義不同)為正確答案，D所提到的比較，在原文中找不到依據(jù)，應(yīng)該排除。
例68
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students，Eisenberger holds． As an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades．
It can be inferred from the passage that maj or universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ．
A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B．punishment is more effective than rewarding
C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D．discouraging the students’anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgencv
這是文中Eisenberger舉的一個例子(第二句)，其目的是為了說明Eisenberger的觀點：假如老師總是讓學(xué)生關(guān)注獎勵，或者對表現(xiàn)一般的學(xué)生也給高分，那么學(xué)生們終都會不求進(jìn)取——A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students，A表達(dá)的正是此意。
例69
The human brain contains lo thousand million cells and each of these mav have a thousand connections． Such enormous numbers used tO discourage US and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human—like ability，but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure． Quite soon。In only lo or 20 years perhaps，we will be able to assemble a machine as compiex as the human brain, and if we can we will. It may then take us a long time to render it intelli-gent by loading in the right software (軟件) or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.
I think it certain that in decades, not centuries, machines of silicon (硅) will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors. Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design. In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves. Silicon will have ended carbon's long control. And we will no longer be able to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence in the known universe.
As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments, harmful to ourselves. Thus, deserts may bloom and the ocean beds be mined. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the con- struction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of peo-ple, will he within our power.
It can be inferred from the passage that
A. after the installation of a great number of ceils and connections, robots will be capable of self-reproduction
B. with the rapid development of technology, people have come to realize the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability
C. once we make a machine as complex as the human brain, it will possess intelligence
D. robots will have control of the vast, man-made world in space
正確答案為B。文章段開始時敘述由于人腦極其復(fù)雜，以致我們排除了制造智能機(jī)器人的可能性，但從第二旬后半部分開始說明存在這種可能性；第二段首句進(jìn)一步肯定這種可能性：I think it certain that in decades，not centuries，machines of silicon(硅)will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors．第三段以智能機(jī)器人在未來的利用肯定其出現(xiàn)的可能性，由此可以推出B項為正確答案：隨著科技的迅速發(fā)展，有可能制造出智能機(jī)器人。
例70
Despite the good news, civil engineers aren't resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blue prints (藍(lán)圖) for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.
In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a build- ing off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its founda- tion to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the op- posite direction.
The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, that would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.
It can be inferred from the passage that in minimizing the damage caused by earth- quakes attention should be focused on
A. the increasing use of rubber and steel in capital construction
B. the development of flexible building materials
C. the reduction of the impact of ground vibrations
D. early forecasts of earthquakes
有關(guān)抗震方法集中在第二段，其中第二句指出：Later，people tried to lift a building off its foundation，and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations．由此可知，減少地震破壞的方法是減少地面震動所造成的沖擊，C項符合題意，為正確答案。D項為無關(guān)答案，而A項與B項只是抗震材料的種類，其目的仍然是為了減少地面震動造成的沖擊；事實上，只要能抗震，其他材料也行，所以應(yīng)排除它們。
例71
People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some rela- tionship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic (預(yù)言的) because a few have come true; they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not.
Consider also the belief that "the phone always rings when I'm in the shower". If it does ring while you are in the shower, the even will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn't ring, that nonevent probably won't even register (留下印象).
People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for exam-ple, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths "happen in threes". Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as their "happening together" is one month； if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such be-liefs.
We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an auto-mobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling ex-plains, "Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values., careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy," This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.
Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious (謹(jǐn)慎的) in drawing conclusions. The "evidence" of everyday life is sometimes misleading.
It can be concluded from the passage that
A. there is some truth even in the wildest dreams
B. one should take notice of other people's merits
C. there is no order or pattern in world events
D. we should not base our conclusions on accidental evidence
這道題為這篇文章的后一道題，所以要求推出的結(jié)論可能在后一段：Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious(謹(jǐn)慎的)in drawing conclusions．The“evidence”of everyday life is sometimes misleading．由此可以推出：不應(yīng)該以隨機(jī)證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)得出結(jié)論(因為它們有誤導(dǎo)性)。因此D為正確答案。
學(xué)位英語:2015年成人學(xué)位英語報名專題強(qiáng)化試題及答案 學(xué)位英語2003-2014年真題及答案
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