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21.boundary / border / frontier / rim / verge
boundary | n. 邊界；界線（側(cè)重地圖上正式標(biāo)定的、雙方遵守的邊界，也可指較小行政單位間的界線） | The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers. |
border | n. 較寬的邊緣，邊界（多指國與國之間或兩地區(qū)的分界處，即分界線附近的邊緣部分） | We crossed the Mexican border into the USA. |
frontier | n. 國界，邊界，邊境；（尤指19世紀(jì)美國西部的）開發(fā)地區(qū)邊緣地帶，邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū) | a frontier town/zone/post邊陲小鎮(zhèn)；邊疆地帶；邊防站 |
rim | n. （圓形物體的）邊，邊緣 | The rims of her eyes were red with crying. |
verge | n. （道路、花壇等長著草的）邊緣；某事即將發(fā)生的時候 | on the verge of war戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之際 |
22.brief / concise / succinct
brief | a. 短時間的，短暫的 | The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting. |
concise | a. （文字等的）簡要、精練（常含有保留主要部分的意思） | His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job. |
succinct | a. 簡明的，簡潔的，簡練的（尤指用詞簡練，除含有concise的意思外，還有經(jīng)過壓縮的或簡化的意思） | succinct summary of the argument |
23.change / alter / vary / modify / turn / convert /transform
change | v. （一般用詞）改變，變化（指任何變化，強調(diào)與之前不同） | Her life changed completely when she won the lottery. |
alter | v. （使）改變，更改，改動（注意此變化無法改變事物本質(zhì)，變成另一事物） | Prices did not alter significantly during 2004. |
vary | v. （在一組類似的事物之間大小、形狀等）相異，不同，有別（近義詞：differ） | Prices vary according to the type of room you require. |
modify | v. 調(diào)整；稍作修改；使更適合（指細(xì)小的變化，尤其為了更符合某一目的而做出調(diào)整） | The software we use has been modified for us. |
turn | v. （使）變成，成為（較change通俗） | She turned a deathly shade of white when she heard the news. |
convert | v. （使）轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)換，轉(zhuǎn)化（改變物理或化學(xué)本質(zhì)或某些特性，特別是在制造過程中） | The hotel is going to be converted into a nursing home. |
transform | v. 使改變形態(tài)（近義詞：convert） v. 使改變外觀或性質(zhì)（側(cè)重徹底且往往變得更好） | A new colour scheme will transform your bedroom. |
24.clear / plain / apparent / obvious / evident / manifest / distinct
clear | a. （一般用詞）清晰易懂的；明白清楚的；不含混的（側(cè)重易理解無疑惑，清楚明白） | She gave me clear and precise directions. |
plain | a. （一般用詞）清楚的；明顯的；淺白的（與clear可通用） | He made it plain that we should leave. |
apparent | a. 顯而易見；明白易懂；顯然（尤指容易觀察到或理解的事物，強調(diào)顯而易見或一想便知） | He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave now. |
obvious | a. 明顯的；顯然的；易理解的 | I know you don’t like her but try not to make it so obvious. |
evident | a. 清楚的；顯而易見的；顯然的（指根據(jù)事實成為顯然的） | The orchestra played with evident enjoyment. |
manifest | a. （書面用詞）明顯的；顯而易見的 | His nervousness was manifest to all those present. |
distinct | a. 清晰的；清楚的；明白的；明顯的（易于被感官感受到） | There was a distinct smell of gas. |
25.common / ordinary / general / usual /universal
common | a. 常見的，普通的，不足為奇的（多指物） | Car accidents are a common occurrence. |
ordinary | a. 普通的；平常的；一般的；平凡的（多指物） | This was no ordinary meeting. |
general | a. 正常的；一般的；常規(guī)的（強調(diào)大多如此很少例外） | There is one exception to this general principle. |
usual | a. 通常的；尋常的；慣常的（強調(diào)慣常性） | She made all the usual excuses. |
universal | a. 普遍的；全體的；全世界的；共同的（比general語氣更強，側(cè)重對每個人或事物都適用，根本沒有例外） | Such problems are a universal feature of old age. |
26.compel / constrain / force / oblige
compel | v. 強迫，迫使（指在法律、權(quán)力、力量或行動等的驅(qū)使下被迫而為） | His illness compelled him to stay in bed. |
constrain | v. 力勸，強迫（側(cè)重施加約束力或有約束作用的影響，也指環(huán)境對人強加的影響迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等內(nèi)在力里驅(qū)使去做某事） | As an artist he didn’t consider himself constrained by the same rules of social conduct as other people. |
force | v. 強迫，迫使（指用個人意志、權(quán)力、權(quán)威或暴力等，迫使他人改變看法或做本不愿做的事） | The thief forced her to hand over the money. |
oblige | v. 強迫，迫使（指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有權(quán)威的人或機構(gòu)迫使某人做某事，還可指在特定情況下被迫作出的反應(yīng)） | We are obliged to stop the car at a red light. |
27.complement / supplement / append
complement | n. 補充物（主要指補充不足使之完美） | Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish. |
supplement | n. 增補，補充，補貼（主要指額外增加） | One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement to cover new events. |
append | n. 附加，添上或補充某事物（尤指文字） | The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract. |
28.component / element / factor / ingredient
component | n. 組成部分；成分（指一個整體的組成部分） | Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car. |
element | n. 元素；組成部分，方面（指一個整體必不可少或固有的部分，強調(diào)一個復(fù)雜整體中最基本、最簡單的元件、元素或成分等） | The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water. |
factor | n. 因素，要素（側(cè)重指原因） | Endurance is an important factor in success in sports. |
ingredient | n. 原料，成分，要素（含義籠統(tǒng)，既可指混在一起而本身沒有變化的物質(zhì)，如配料，又可指與別的物質(zhì)混在一起，發(fā)生了變化的成分） | Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread. |
constituent | n. 成分；構(gòu)成要素（常可與component換用，指某一整體不可少的部分或成分） | Caffeine is the active constituent of drinks such as tea and coffee. |
29.comprise / compose / consist / constitute
comprise | v. 包括；包含；由…組成 | Our company’s product line comprises 2,500 different items. |
compose | v. （正式用詞）組成，構(gòu)成（一個整體） | The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents. |
consist | v. （consist of sth.）組成，構(gòu)成，由……組成 | The problem consists of two parts. |
constitute | v. 構(gòu)成，組成 | Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force. |
30.concentrate / focus
concentrate | v. 集中（注意力），聚精會神（指把精力或注意力集中于某一事物上） | During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions. |
focus | v. 集中（注意力、精力等于...）（指把思想或精力等集中于某人或某事情上） | Please focus your minds on the following problem. |
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