Deterring Somali Piracy through Development
　　通過發展經濟來遏制索馬里海盜
　　The U.N. Security Council recently adopted a resolution calling for tougher anti-piracy measures off the Somali coast. One expert says deterring piracy requires a land-based solution with grassroots support.
　　聯合國安理會近日通過一項決議，呼吁采取更強硬的反對索馬里海岸海盜的措施。一名專家稱遏制海盜需要一個以地面為基地的草根階層支持的解決方案。
　?。↖n this U.S. Navy photo, pirates leave the Ukrainian merchant vessel MV Faina for Somalia’s shore Wednesday, Oct. 8, 2008 while under observation by a U.S. Navy ship. The MV Faina, which was carrying a cargo of Ukrainian T-72 tanks and related military equipment, was seized by pirates Sept. 25 and forced to proceed to anchorage off the Somali coast. (AP Photo/U.S. Navy, Petty Officer 2nd Class Jason R. Zalasky）
　　 Assistant U.N. Secretary-General for Political Affairs Taye-Brook Zerihoun recently described international efforts to stop Somali pirates as "unprecedented." Nevertheless, he said those efforts are "insufficient" and called for greater emphasis on deterrence, security, rule of law and development.
　　 Action, not just words
　　"Excellent statements. Question is, what’s going to be delivered to make those things happen? And he’s right. I mean in many ways he occupies a bully pulpit, doesn’t he. He’s the sort of person who tries to exhort states to do something. He hasn’t got any assets of his own and he needs to draw states into this problem to try and find a solution," said Dr. Martin Murphy, senior fellow at the Atlantic Council of the United States Ansari Africa Center.
　　"I think the international community, the international navies, are holding things at the moment. In fact, I’m slightly surprised that the number of attacks hasn’t increased dramatically now that the current monsoon season is over. And therefore, one suspects they’re doing something right or something’s changing on the land in Somalia. And to be honest I don’t know what that might be," he said.
　　What works, what doesn’t
　　Murphy expects attempted ship hijackings in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean to increase as European countries withdraw their patrol vessels.
　　"They’ve got so many other claims on their time. Libya has drawn off a lot of assets and European nations are under fiscal pressure now and they’re cutting their fleets. They’re cutting their government budgets, which is obviously going to happen here, as well. It’s going to affect the United States Navy. It’s happening with the European navies earlier and frankly those assets are not being sent back to the Indian Ocean," he said.
　　But while international patrols certainly have deterred some attacks, other methods have proven more effective.
　　"To be honest, I think the most powerful deterrent has not been the navies. It has been the protected (sic) measures that the ships are taking and the rapid increase in the number of armed guards. The latest figure that’s been suggested to me is that maybe up to 35 percent of ships transiting the Indian Ocean Basin are now carrying armed detachments. You know, that is the thing that’s keeping successful hijacks down, although it won’t obviously particularly affect the number of attacks that take place," he said.
　　However, Murphy said use of armed guards, although successful, is not popular among sailors or maritime industry officials.
　　"The sailors don’t want it because they didn’t go to sea to be fired upon, to have to cower in a fire fight. And the ship owners didn’t go to sea to have to carry this additional financial burden," he said.
　　Comprehensive approach
　　A land-based solution, he says, is what’s needed. He proposes a development policy that bypasses government officials and goes directly to community and clan levels. This includes women and business groups and local mosques.
　　"It’s very important to look at the whole area that piracy is affecting and say those are the stable or semi-stable areas. Those are the areas where we can do development work. Those are the areas where we can get bottom-up projects going. Bottom-up, stress that. It’s not going to be top down through the government where we’ve tried so many times before and they’ve failed or been corrupted or led to disputes. We need to get down into that bottom level," he said.
　　In addition, he said, well-known piracy kingpins need to be targeted at their regional bases. Murphy says arresting or even killing pirates at sea won’t solve the problem.
　　"We’re picking up, frankly, the expendable, and they are expandable, because apparently lots of young men in Somalia are actually dying. They go out at sea and the boat sinks and they don’t get anywhere. We must stop thinking that we can stop piracy by picking up these expendable foot soldiers. There [are] just too many of them. We don’t have the capacity to keep them. It’s the kingpins that are driving this and the economic circumstances that are driving it that we really need to tackle," he said.
　　Most nations now view piracy as a criminal act and prefer to address it through the rule of law, not by sinking ships.
　　Murphy said Somalia is a weak and failed state, and not addressing its security and development issues will only allow problems to fester. He said one example of this is the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. He recommends looking at the problems faced by the entire Horn of Africa.

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