Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our actions, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness ( 順從), and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual's behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine ( 內(nèi)分泌) glands (腺體) and the body's changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.
Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology (內(nèi)分泌學(xué)) as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormones
secreting. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal ( 腸的 ) walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas ( 胰 ) to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secret chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system.
The term "hormone" was first used with reference to secreting. Starling derived the word from the Greek hormone, meaning "to excite or set in motion". The term "endocrine" was introduced shortly thereafter.
"Endocrine" is used to refer to glands that secrete products into the bloodstream. The term "endocrine" contrasts with "exocrine (外分泌)", which is applied to glands that secrete their products through ducts (導(dǎo)管) to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless glands.
57. The author's main purpose in this passage is to__________.
A) explain the specific functions
B) provide general information about hormones
C) explain how the term "hormone" evolved
D) report on experiments in endocrinology
58. What conclusion can we draw from the passage?
A) The human body requires a large amount of hormones.
B) Synthetic hormones can replace a person' s natural supply of hormones if necessary.
C) The quantity of hormones produced and their effect on the body are related to a person's age.
D) The short child of tall parents probably had a hormone deficiency early in life.
59. The word "liberate" (Line 5, Paragraph 2 ) could be best replaced by __________.
A) emancipate
B) discharge
C) surrender
D) save
60. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the experiments of Bayliss and Starling, most people believed
that chemical integration occurred only__________.
A) during sleep
B) in the endocrine glands
C) under control of the nervous system
D) during strenuous exercise
61. According to the passage, another term for exocrine glands is__________.
A) duct glands
B) endocrine
C) ductless glands
D) intestinal glands

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