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歷年英語四級閱讀真題全解析(2002-2004)

  Passage Two
  Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
  If you know exactly what you want, the best route to a job is to get specialized training. A recent survey shows that companies like graduates in such fields as business and health care who can go to work immediately with very little on-the-job training.
  That’s especially true of booming fields that are challenging for workers. At Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration, for example, bachelor’s degree graduates get an average of four or five job offers with salaries ranging from the high teens to the low 20s and plenty of chances for rapid advancement. Large companies, especially, like a background of formal education coupled with work experience.
  But in the long run, too much specialization doesn’t pay off. Business, which has been flooded with MBAs, no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval. The MBA may open doors and command a higher salary initially, but the impact of a degree washes out after five years.
  As further evidence of the erosion (銷蝕) of corporate (公司的) faith in specialized degrees, Michigan State’s Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices, although companies tend to take on specialists as new hires, they often seek out generalists for middle and upper-level management. “They want someone who isn’t constrained (限制) by nuts and bolts to look at the big picture, “says Scheetz.
  This sounds suspiciously like a formal statement that you approve of the liberal-arts graduate. Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents that liberal-arts majors are assumed to have: writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adaptability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems, David Birch claims he does not hire anybody with an MBA or an engineering degree, “I hire only liberal-arts people because they have a less-than-canned way of doing things,” says Birch. Liberal-arts means an academically thorough and strict program that includes literature, history, mathematics, economics, science, human behavior—plus a computer course or two. With that under your belt, you can feel free to specialize, “A liberal-arts degree coupled with an MBA or some other technical training is a very good combination in the marketplace,” says Scheetz.
  26. What kinds of people are in high demand on the job market?
  A) Students with a bachelor’s degree in humanities.
  B) People with an MBA degree front top universities.
  C) People with formal schooling plus work experience.
  D) People with special training in engineering.(C)
  27. By saying “... but the impact of a degree washes out after five years” (Line 3, Para, 3), the author means ________.
  A) most MBA programs fail to provide students with a solid foundation
  B) an MBA degree does not help promotion to managerial positions
  C) MBA programs will not be as popular in five years’ time as they are now
  D) in five people will forget about the degree the MBA graduates have got(B)
  28. According to Scheetz’s statement (Lines 4-5. Para. 4), companies prefer ________.
  A) people who have a strategic mind
  B) people who are talented in fine arts
  C) people who are ambitious and aggressive
  D) people who have received training in mechanics(A)
  29. David Birch claims that he only hires liberal-arts people because ________.
  A) they are more capable of handling changing situations
  B) they can stick to established ways of solving problems
  C) they are thoroughly trained in a variety of specialized fields
  D) they have attended special programs in management(A)
  30. Which of the following statements does the author support?
  A) Specialists are more expensive to hire than generalists.
  B) Formal schooling is less important than job training.
  C) On-the-job training is, in the long run, less costly.
  D) Generalists will outdo specialists in management.(D)
  這篇文章講的是何種專業在人才市場上更受青睞的問題。到底什么樣的人才更受青睞呢?文章實際上講了兩個觀點,前兩段論述了個觀點,即“專家”更受青睞;后面的三段又提出了與此相反的觀點,“雜家”更受青睞。觀點之所以不同,是因為它們的前提條件不同。
  先來看個觀點。句可以說開宗明義:the best route to a job is to get specialized training,的辦法是練就專業技能。而后作者提出了論據——近一項調查結果顯示,商務類和醫療保健類的畢業生很受公司青睞(companies like graduates in such fields as business and health care)。
  下一段舉出了更多的例子。That’s especially true of booming fields,這里的fields應該和段的fields所指相同,都是指學生的專業。急速發展的領域更是炙手可熱,一個酒店管理學院的本科畢業生平均可以接到五到六個職位邀請(get an average of four or five job offers),同時有大量的升職機會。
  接下來,作者筆鋒一轉,提出了一個反面觀點,too much specialization doesn’t pay off(pay off詞組指“得到回報”)。而觀點不同的關鍵在于條件,第二個觀點是in the long run,即從長遠來看。作者首先以商務領域為例,指出MBA過剩使得這一學歷不再是職業通行證(no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval)。
  下一段介紹了密歇根州的Scheetz的說法,繼續支持第二個觀點。Scheetz認為,盡管現在的公司在招新人時依然傾向于招收“專家”(tend to take on specialists as new hires),但在中上層管理職位上更傾向于“雜家”(generalists for middle and upper-level management)。原因是專家的眼光局限于具體細節,難以從大局考慮(constrained by nuts and bolts to look at the big picture)。
  如果這篇材料是寫給高中生們的,那么后一段可以算是大學專業報考指南。This sounds suspiciously like a formal statement that you approve of the liberal-arts graduate:這似乎是在正面肯定文科畢業生。那么文科生有什么優勢呢?寫作、交流能力、組織技巧、開放的頭腦、適應性、分析和解決問題的能力(writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adaptability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems)。作者又引出另一位人士David Birch把文科生大夸了一番,后以Scheetz的中庸觀點收場:文科學歷加上專業技能(liberal-arts degree coupled with an MBA or some other technical training)將是市場的寵兒。
  26. C
  本題問哪些人在人才市場上需求量頗高。
  這道題的考查的內容涉及全篇材料,必須根據每一個選項所描述的特點,在文章中找到相應的內容,對比之后排除錯誤選項。
  A,人文學科的本科畢業生。Humanities,人文學科,可以認為是文章后幾段所說的liberal-arts,但這些專業的人在是從長遠角度看(in the long run),易進入中高層職位(for middle and upper-level management),而不是本科畢業生。
  B,擁有大學MBA學位的人。第三段提到MBA學位no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval,說明MBA學位已經并不火爆了。
  C,經過正規學校教育同時擁有工作經驗的人。第二段后一句是Large companies, especially, like a background of formal education coupled with work experience,這里提到經過正規學校教育同時擁有工作經驗的人受到了大公司的青睞,符合題意。
  D,在工程學方面擁有專業技能的人。后一段說明文科生的特點有利于找工作,其中提到工程人才:David Birch claims he does not hire anybody with an MBA or an engineering degree,意思是此人絕不雇用MBA或是工程學畢業生。這說明工程學人才并不火爆。
  27. B
  這道題問but the impact of a degree washes out after five years一句是什么意思。這是一道句子考查題,需要理順上下文的邏輯關系之后作答。
  A,大多數MBA課程沒能為學生打下堅實的基礎。
  B,MBA學位并不會對升入管理層帶來幫助。
  C,MBA課程在五年以后就不會像現在這樣受歡迎了。
  D,五年后人們就會忘記MBA畢業生們的學位。
  首先應該判斷這一段在全篇中所起到的作用是什么,也就是這一段的大體功能,段落中的每一句話都是為了這個功能服務的。
  本段句話應該是一個總領句,in the long run, too much specialization doesn’t pay off,意思是從長遠來看,太專并不會帶來回報。這句話提出了本文的第二個觀點,文章的余下部分都是在論證這個觀點。而實際上,這句話的意思并沒有非常清晰地表達出來,比如in the long run到底指什么,不會帶來回報具體是什么意思等。根據下一段的論述,可以知道這句話的意思實際上指的是在公司工作幾年之后,太專不利于進入管理層。第三段余下的部分應該是為證明這個觀點所舉的例子,那么其背后的意義當然也是這個觀點本身。四個選項中B的表達與此為接近。
  28. A
  根據Scheetz的說法,公司更喜歡什么樣的人才。
  A,具有戰略頭腦的人。
  B,具有美術才能的人。
  C,有野心、侵略性強的人。
  D,在機械學方面接受過教育的人。
  文章提到Scheetz是在第四段,首先是他介紹的一種人才雇用慣例(Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices),而后直接引用了他的原話。此外,在全文后一句話中也提到了Scheetz。考慮到本題剛剛是第三道題,考查后一句話的可能性不大,所以,只需研究第四段就可以了。
  Scheetz所提到的慣例大致是這樣的:在招聘新員工時還是會招“專家”,而在提拔中上管理層時則青睞“雜家”(generalists)。他的原話直譯是:他們想要不被具體細節限制的人,這些人有更廣闊的視角。可以看到公司更喜歡的人有兩個要點,一是雜家,二是視角廣闊或者看問題更為深遠。A所說的strategic mind與look at the big picture應該是一個意思,可以選A。B所說的美術才能雖是文科,但恰恰也屬于專家,只有通曉大部分文科專業的人才能稱之為雜家。C的說法在文中沒有提到。D也屬于specialists。
  29. A
  題目問David Birch宣稱他只雇用文科生是因為……
  A,文科生處理變化情況的能力更強。
  B,他們能夠堅持固有的解決問題的方式。
  C,他們在一系列專業領域內都受到了完整的教育。
  D,他們參加了管理方面的特別課程。
  文章提到David Birch是在后一段,文中他宣稱he does not hire anybody with an MBA or an engineering degree,即不愿雇用specialists,而后文章引用了他的原話“I hire only liberal-arts people because they have a less-than-canned way of doing things”,這里的because從句已經說出了原因,本題考查的就是對句話的理解。Way of doing things,做事情的方式,由此可以估計,原因大體上是某種特別的做事的方式,基本可以把C和D排除,因為它們與方式無關。這具體是一種什么方式呢?less-than-canned,這是一個臨時自造的詞,字典里肯定沒有,我們只能通過分析它的構成來猜測它的意思。Can是“能夠”,此外還有罐頭的意思,這里是被動式,說明已經轉化成了動詞形式,canned就是做成了罐頭的意思。做事情時頭腦像裝進罐頭一樣,說明是死腦筋,墨守陳規。David Birch先生不喜歡的就是這種人,反過來,他喜歡的就是腦筋靈活,思路開闊的人,A的說法與此一致,B的說法與此相反。應該選A。
  30. D
  題目問作者支持下列哪個觀點。從四個選項來看,這道題的考查范圍遍布全文,不過解答難度卻并不高,原因就是三個錯誤選項的迷惑性相對較小。
  A,給“專家”所付的薪水比“雜家”要高。文中沒有直接說工資高低問題。從文中的觀點——雜家進入管理層的機會高于專家來看,雜家的薪水肯定是高于專家的。這與A的說法相反。
  B,正規學校教育不如工作培訓重要。文章里沒有類似的內容,可以直接排除。
  C,在職培訓從長遠角度講花費更少。文章沒有講到花費問題,可以直接排除。
  D,“雜家”在管理方面要勝過“專家”。這正是文章后三段論述的中心。

  編輯推薦:
  2011年12月英語四級閱讀試題及答案匯總
  2011年6月英語四級閱讀試題及答案匯總

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