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歷年英語四級(jí)閱讀真題全解析(2002-2004)

  Passage Four
  Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
  “Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most to attach great importance to it. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. In fact, anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.
  Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you think of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. For it’s obvious that by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”
  But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not shale their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes, they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.
  Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence.
  Is everyone entitled to his opinion? Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.
  36. Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the author?
  A) Everyone has a right to hold his own opinion.
  B) Free expression of opinions often leads to confusion.
  C) Most people tend to be careless in forming their opinions.
  D) Casual use of the word “opinion” often brings about quarrels.(A)
  37. According to the author, who of the following would be labored as intolerant?
  A) Someone who turns a deaf ear to others’ opinions.
  B) Someone who can’t put up with others’ tastes.
  C) Someone who values only their own opinions.
  D) Someone whose opinion harms other people.(B)
  38. The new Ford cars are cited as an example to show that ________.
  A) it is foolish to criticize a famous brand
  B) one should not always agree to others’ opinions
  C) personal tastes are not something to be challenged
  D) it is unwise to express one’s likes and dislikes in public(C)
  39. Considered judgment is different from personal preference in that ________.
  A) it is stated by judges in the court
  B) it reflects public like and dislikes
  C) it is a result of a lot of controversy
  D) it is based on careful thought(D)
  40. As indicated in the passage, being free to act on one’s opinion ________.
  A) means that one can ignore other people’s criticism
  B) means that one can impose his preferences on others
  C) doesn’t mean that one has the right to do things at will
  D) doesn’t mean that one has the right to charge others without evidence(C)
  這篇材料講的是“觀點(diǎn)”,雖然有五段之多,但主要論述的內(nèi)容實(shí)際上只有一個(gè):觀點(diǎn)到底是什么。文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的,開頭提出幾個(gè)觀點(diǎn),如人人都有權(quán)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)(Everyone’s entitled to his opinion),挑戰(zhàn)別人觀點(diǎn)的人總是被貼上偏狹的標(biāo)簽(anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant)。注意,intolerant不是無法忍受的意思,而是“不容異己、偏執(zhí)”等意思,“無法忍受的”應(yīng)是intolerable。而后,作者指出這些觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)錯(cuò)必須根據(jù)觀點(diǎn)的定義來判斷(depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind),從而為論述觀點(diǎn)的不同定義做好準(zhǔn)備。
  第二段論述了觀點(diǎn)的個(gè)定義:一種個(gè)人偏好(by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste)。作者以某人對(duì)新車的評(píng)論為例,指出,挑戰(zhàn)這類觀點(diǎn)不但是偏狹的(intolerant),而且是愚蠢行為。
  接下來是另外一個(gè)例子,法院將其“觀點(diǎn)”遞交給一個(gè)爭議不休的案子(Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case)。這個(gè)例子中的觀點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)的不再是個(gè)人的偏好(their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes),而是對(duì)一種經(jīng)過深思熟慮之后的判斷的傳達(dá)(they stated their considered judgment)。這是觀點(diǎn)的第二個(gè)定義。
  這兩個(gè)定義回答了“挑戰(zhàn)別人觀點(diǎn)的人總是被貼上偏狹的標(biāo)簽”的對(duì)錯(cuò)問題。
  后,作者又論述了觀點(diǎn)的第三種定義。作者把上述兩種定義視為觀點(diǎn)的兩種極端(two extremes),而大多數(shù)觀點(diǎn)處于這二者之間,既不是個(gè)人偏好,也不是深思熟慮過的結(jié)論(It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment),而是融合了這兩方面的內(nèi)容。
  這一定義回應(yīng)了“人人都有權(quán)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)”這一說法。作者在后一段指出這種說法不僅是被允許的,而且是受到保護(hù)的,只要其觀點(diǎn)不傷害到別人(so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others)。
  36. A
  本題問根據(jù)作者的說法,下列敘述中哪一項(xiàng)是正確的。
  這道題看似涉及面較廣,但依照四六級(jí)閱讀題的規(guī)律,還是應(yīng)該首先從段尋找答案。
  第 一句首先指出觀點(diǎn)一詞在當(dāng)今被人們隨意地使用著,而后是對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的大體定義。第三句指出如果人們不把觀點(diǎn)賦予太重大的意義,那么這種隨意使用的現(xiàn)象也不會(huì)引 起多少混亂。第四句話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),稱事實(shí)恰恰相反,大多數(shù)人給觀點(diǎn)賦予了重要的意義。而后是一些人們給觀點(diǎn)賦予重要意義的例子。
  A,每個(gè)人都有權(quán)持有自己的觀點(diǎn)。這一說法來自于I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,二者意思一樣。在后一段作者也提出持有觀點(diǎn)的權(quán)利是受到保障的。應(yīng)該選A。
  B,觀點(diǎn)的自由表達(dá)經(jīng)常會(huì)導(dǎo)致混亂。This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most to attach great importance to it。 前一句是說如果人們不把觀點(diǎn)賦予太重大的意義,那么這種隨意使用的現(xiàn)象也不會(huì)引起多少混亂,等于“如果人們把觀點(diǎn)賦予重大意義,則隨意使用現(xiàn)象就會(huì)引起混 亂。而后一句說大多數(shù)人給觀點(diǎn)賦予了重要的意義,等于是說觀點(diǎn)的隨意使用會(huì)經(jīng)常引起混亂。不過,要注意的是文中所說的引起混亂的是對(duì)opinion一詞的隨意使用,而不是B所說的觀點(diǎn)的自由表達(dá)。
  C,大多數(shù)人的觀點(diǎn)往往并非深思熟慮而成。根據(jù)上面對(duì)B的分析可知,文中的careless指的是對(duì)觀點(diǎn)一詞的使用,而不是觀點(diǎn)的形成。
  D,對(duì)觀點(diǎn)一詞的隨意使用往往會(huì)引發(fā)爭吵。Fusion(混亂)并不是quarrel(吵架)。
  37. B
  這道題問的是根據(jù)作者的說法,下列哪一種人會(huì)被稱為intolerant(不容異己的)?
  A,對(duì)別人的觀點(diǎn)置若罔聞的人。
  B,對(duì)別人的喜好無法容忍的人。
  C,只認(rèn)為自己的觀點(diǎn)有價(jià)值的人。
  D,自己的觀點(diǎn)傷害到別人的人。
  題目中的關(guān)鍵詞是intolerant和label,因?yàn)槭堑诙},所以應(yīng)該去段后半部分(因段較長,出兩題可能性是有的)和第二段尋找這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。
  段后一句話anyone who would challengeanother’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant中出現(xiàn)了intolerant一詞,而brand的詞意和label是一樣的,由此判斷這句話可能為我們尋找答案帶來幫助。句意是:任何挑戰(zhàn)他人觀點(diǎn)的人都很可能被冠以intolerant。這句話說法較為空泛,暫時(shí)無法依靠這句話做出準(zhǔn)確判斷,需要繼續(xù)搜索第二段的內(nèi)容。
  可以發(fā)現(xiàn)第二段開頭前兩句出現(xiàn)了label和intolerant,但作者使用的是疑問句,從疑問句中是無法找出答案的,需要向后看。不過后面一句給出的說法卻是一個(gè)人是否intolerant還要看觀點(diǎn)的定義,從這句話依然無法做出判斷。隨后作者舉出了一個(gè)例子,并做出結(jié)論:it would not only be intolerantto challenge his statement, but foolish。作者的意思是說挑戰(zhàn)這一說法(也就是they’re ugly)不僅是intolerant,甚至是愚蠢的。原因就是這種所謂的觀點(diǎn)僅僅是個(gè)人喜好而已,無法容忍別人的喜好偏愛,顯然是心胸狹隘的表現(xiàn)。這與B的說法一致。
  38. C
  題目問文章中的新福特車作為例子是要來表明什么問題。
  A,批評(píng)一個(gè)著名品牌是愚蠢的。
  B,一個(gè)人不應(yīng)總是順從他人的觀點(diǎn)。
  C,不應(yīng)挑戰(zhàn)個(gè)人喜好。
  D,公開表達(dá)自己的喜惡是不明智的。
  這道題的關(guān)鍵信息非常明顯,即福特汽車。在第二段描述完福特汽車的例子以后,作者做了簡短的評(píng)述:it would not only be intolerantto challenge his statement, but foolish。這里的statement指的是前文認(rèn)為福特車很丑陋的一句話:they’re ugly。這句話顯然是個(gè)人喜好,評(píng)述中說挑戰(zhàn)這一statement是愚蠢的,也就是說挑戰(zhàn)個(gè)人喜好是愚蠢的。C的說法與此一致。
  39. D
  題目問Considered judgment(經(jīng)過深思熟慮后做出的判斷)與個(gè)人偏好有所不同,是因?yàn)椤?
  A,它是由法官在法庭宣布的。
  B,它反映了公眾喜惡。
  C,它是大量論戰(zhàn)后的結(jié)果。
  D,它基于縝密的思考。
  題目中的關(guān)鍵信息是Considered judgment,鑒于第二段在上一題已經(jīng)考查過,可以直接到第三段尋找Consideredjudgment。可以看出四個(gè)題支的說法都與第三段有關(guān),而Considered judgment也出現(xiàn)在了后一句話中——they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived atafter thorough inquiry and deliberation。后半句實(shí)際上是judgment的非限制性定語從句,只不過省略了which和be動(dòng)詞。Arrive at是作出(決定)的意思,指作出considered judgment這一判斷。After thorough inquiry anddeliberation是“經(jīng)過了周密細(xì)致的調(diào)查和研究之后”,說明judgement是經(jīng)過了周密細(xì)致的調(diào)查和研究才得出的。這一點(diǎn)和D的說法一致。
  A和B的說法在第三段句中都有提到,但把細(xì)致的判斷歸因于法庭和法官顯然是不對(duì)的。而controversial一詞也僅是指案子引起了大量的爭議,這些爭議和法官的判決沒有直接關(guān)系。因此AB都是錯(cuò)誤的。
  從Obviously the justices did not sharetheir personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes一句可以了解到,法官們的判斷沒有受到個(gè)人喜惡的影響(did notshare their mere likes and dislikes)。C可以排除。
  40. C
  這道題問根據(jù)文中暗示,按照自己的觀點(diǎn)自由行事如何如何。
  A,意味著可以忽視別人的批評(píng)。
  B,意味著可以把自己的偏好強(qiáng)加給別人。
  C,并不意味著一個(gè)人有權(quán)隨意依照自己的意志行事。
  D,并不意味著一個(gè)人有權(quán)在毫無證據(jù)的情況下控告別人。
  題目給出的關(guān)鍵詞是act on one’s opinion,而四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中也顯現(xiàn)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息right??梢栽谖闹泻髢啥螌ふ疫@二個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。
  倒數(shù)第二段中沒有相關(guān)信息,后一段出現(xiàn)了entitled和guaranteed兩個(gè)詞,它們都與權(quán)利有關(guān),與right相對(duì)應(yīng)。而后還直接出現(xiàn)了free to act on our opinions這個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息,可以肯定答案就在本段,無須在倒數(shù)第二段上耗費(fèi)過多精力。
  后一段的前兩句話一問一答,澄清了一個(gè)問題,也就是我們有權(quán)利去按照自己的觀點(diǎn)行事。后一句話為這一權(quán)利設(shè)置了一個(gè)條件:we do not harm others,不能傷害到別人。綜合起來的意思就是,我們實(shí)際上不能隨意按照自己的觀點(diǎn)行事,除非在不傷害到別人的前提下。觀察四個(gè)選項(xiàng),C的說法與此為接近。
  D所說的控告在后一段沒有提到過,可以排除。
  A和D的說法都和“不能傷害到別人”這一前提相違背,也是錯(cuò)誤的。

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