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歷年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀真題全解析(2002-2004)

  Passage Three
  Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
  About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table, I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked: “So, how have you been?” And the boy—who could not have been more than seven or eight years old—replied. “Frankly, I’ve been feeling a little depressed lately.”
  This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school.
  The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children don’t seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to.
  Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Childhood as it once was no longer exists, Why?
  Human development is based not only on innate (天生的) biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social rote to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new status. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders.
  In the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation (揭示) machine has been installed in 98 percent of American homes. It is called television, Television passes information, and indiscriminately (不加區(qū)分地), to all viewers alike, be they children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation, many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more vivid moving pictures.
  Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practices. Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials.
  31. According to the author, feeling depressed is ________.
  A) a sure sign of a psychological problem in a child
  B) something hardly to be expected in a young child
  C) an inevitable has of children’s mental development
  D) a mental scale present in all humans, including children(B)
  32. Traditionally, a child is supposed to learn about the adult world ________.
  A) through contact with society
  B) gradually and under guidance
  C) naturally and by biological instinct
  D) through exposure to social information(B)
  33. The phenomenon that today’s children seem adult like is attributed by the author to ________.
  A) the widespread influence of television
  B) the poor arrangement of teaching content
  C) the fast pace of human intellectual development
  D) the constantly rising standard of living(A)
  34. Why is the author in favor of communication through print for children?
  A) It enables children to gain more social information.
  B) It develops children’s interest in reading and writing.
  C) It helps children to memorize and practice more.
  D) It can control what children are to learn.(D)
  35. What does the author think of the change in today’s children?
  A) He feels amused by chair premature behavior.
  B) He thinks it is a phenomenon worthy of note.
  C) He considers it a positive development.
  D) He seems to be upset about it.(B)
  這篇材料講的是兒童早熟的問題。開頭首先講述了一個(gè)作者親歷的故事,作為引出兒童早熟問題的契機(jī)——六年前我在餐廳里遇見一對(duì)母子并偷聽了他們的談話;母親問兒子過的怎么樣,兒子回答說近有一點(diǎn)沮喪(a little depressed lately)。
  母子的對(duì)話深深印在作者的腦子里,因?yàn)樗C實(shí)了作者的一個(gè)想法:現(xiàn)在的孩子正在改變。是什么方面改變了?作者拿現(xiàn)在的孩子與小時(shí)候的自己做了對(duì)比:小時(shí)的我直到高中才知道沮喪是什么滋味(I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school)。
  問題已經(jīng)提出,接下來作者就要證明這個(gè)問題確實(shí)存在。第三段舉出了很多現(xiàn)在兒童早熟的表現(xiàn):Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to。
  兒童早熟的原因何在?從第四段開始,文章進(jìn)入了分析問題階段。句話就一針見血,指出問題的根源出在接觸社會(huì)知識(shí)的途徑上(patterns of access to social knowledge)。社會(huì)角色轉(zhuǎn)變后通常要學(xué)習(xí)相應(yīng)的新知識(shí)(Movement from one social rote to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new status),大人們一直在教給孩子們這樣的知識(shí),但要進(jìn)度是緩慢的、按部就班的(slowly and in stages)。這里所說的社會(huì)角色轉(zhuǎn)變也就是年齡增長(zhǎng)的結(jié)果,比如上六年級(jí)和上五年級(jí)即是兩種不同的社會(huì)角色。
  第四段說的是孩子們過去吸收新知識(shí)的情形,第五段則開始介紹現(xiàn)狀。還是從途徑說起,98%的美國(guó)家庭都已經(jīng)安裝了電視(installed in 98 percent of American homes),電視是一個(gè)傳遞信息的載體,傳遞對(duì)象不分成人與兒童,兒童通過看電視過早地吸收了尚不適合他們的知識(shí)。
  文章后一段介紹了通過書本傳授知識(shí)的好處,這也算是作者提出的兒童早熟問題的一個(gè)解決方案。通過印刷品傳授知識(shí)可以更容易地控制兒童接觸到的知識(shí)是適合他們的年齡層次的(allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access),只要不讓兒童在成長(zhǎng)到一定程度之前接觸較為復(fù)雜的知識(shí)就可以了(Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials)。
  31. B
  題目問根據(jù)作者的說法,“感到沮喪”是……。
  A,孩子出現(xiàn)心理問題的明確信號(hào)。
  B,很難想象會(huì)在小孩子身上出現(xiàn)。
  C,孩子精神成長(zhǎng)過程中不可避免的現(xiàn)象(原文有誤,此為大體意思)。
  D,存在于所有人類身上的精神現(xiàn)象,包括孩子。
  這道題需要注意的地方是題目給出的According to the author,這是一個(gè)限定條件,意思是說判斷選項(xiàng)的對(duì)錯(cuò)不是依據(jù)其說法本身是否錯(cuò)誤,而是與作者的說法是否一致。文中作者對(duì)feeling depressed的評(píng)論應(yīng)該是在第二段,也就是剛剛講完作者親歷的故事之后。作者說到my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school,意思是我和我的朋友們直到高中才開始感覺沮喪,言下之意就是小孩子是不會(huì)出現(xiàn)沮喪心理的。符合這個(gè)意思的是選項(xiàng)B,其余幾項(xiàng)都不能從作者的敘述中推測(cè)出來。
  32. B
  這道題問從傳統(tǒng)來看,孩子應(yīng)該通過什么方式來了解學(xué)習(xí)成人世界。
  A,通過與社會(huì)的接觸。
  B,循序漸進(jìn),受教于人。
  C,依靠生理本能自然習(xí)得。
  D,將其暴露在社會(huì)信息的沖擊之下。
  本題討論孩子學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)知識(shí)的途徑,這應(yīng)該是第五段的內(nèi)容。在第五段中有這樣一句話:Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages,后面一句以traditionally開頭,說明這一句討論的是傳統(tǒng)方式的學(xué)習(xí)途徑。been taught,受教,應(yīng)該說相當(dāng)于選項(xiàng)B中的under guidance;in stages,stage是階段的意思,in stages就是按階段,循序漸進(jìn),這個(gè)意思與B中的gradually一樣。這樣的話,按照文意,本題選擇B為合適。
  33. A
  本題問如今的兒童成人化現(xiàn)象被作者歸因于什么。
  A,電視的廣泛影響。
  B,教育內(nèi)容安排不當(dāng)。
  C,人類智力發(fā)展的快速進(jìn)步。
  D,生活水平的持續(xù)提高。
  這道題較為容易。第五段講的是孩子學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)知識(shí)的傳統(tǒng)方式,這一段在上一題中已經(jīng)考過了。在第六段作者開始討論如今孩子們?cè)缡斓脑颍绢}考查的就是第六 段。在這一段作者首先講述了一種現(xiàn)象,也就是電視在美國(guó)社會(huì)的普及(句),以及電視不分地域、不分老幼地傳播信息的特點(diǎn)(第二句)。后一句指出這種 現(xiàn)象對(duì)孩子們的學(xué)習(xí)途徑的影響:many children turn their attention from printed texts to moving pictures,孩子們把注意力從書本轉(zhuǎn)向了電視。上一段講過,按照傳統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)方式,孩子們就是傳統(tǒng)的孩子,而以電視為主體的方式,必然造成兒童發(fā)生某種變化,在文章中這種變化就是成人化。這道題應(yīng)該選A。
  34. D
  本題問作者為何要主張讓孩子們通過印刷媒介交流信息。
  A,這種方式可以使孩子們獲得更多的社會(huì)信息。
  B,可以發(fā)展孩子們對(duì)閱讀和寫作的興趣。
  C,可以增加孩子們記憶和練習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
  D,可以控制孩子們學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容。
  作者在后一段主張孩子們應(yīng)該通過印刷媒介交流信息。此段一共三句話,把它們逐一分析透徹,答案也就顯而易見了。Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access。首先找到主謂賓的大體結(jié)構(gòu),主語(yǔ)是通過印刷媒介交流,謂語(yǔ)是allows for ,allow本意是允許,在這里是指“使……可以發(fā)生”,賓語(yǔ)是control,控制?!翱刂啤笔菍?duì)什么的控制呢?social information,社會(huì)信息、知識(shí)。后面是一個(gè)從句,to which children have access可以改變句序來理解:which children have access to。賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句合起來的意思就是“兒童能夠接觸到的信息的控制”。整個(gè)句子的大意則是通過印刷媒介交流可以控制兒童能夠接觸到的信息。符合這個(gè)意思的是D,而A與此正好相反。
  Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practiced。這一句的結(jié)構(gòu)比上一句要清晰一些。主語(yǔ)是閱讀與寫作;謂語(yǔ)involve,涉及;賓語(yǔ)是“復(fù)雜的象征符號(hào)”。后面的從句對(duì)符號(hào)做了解釋:必須記憶和練習(xí)。這句話所要表達(dá)的意思是:閱讀與寫作涉及很多復(fù)雜的要素,是需要不斷記憶和練習(xí)(實(shí)踐)才能掌握的。
  Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials。根據(jù)上一句所述的道理,兒童們必須循序漸進(jìn),先讀簡(jiǎn)單的材料,待其完全理解掌握了這些資料,再學(xué)習(xí)更為復(fù)雜的資料。
  這兩句話中沒有提到培養(yǎng)孩子興趣的問題,B可以排除。至于C的說法,文中有關(guān)閱讀與寫作的論述所要表達(dá)的核心觀點(diǎn)是先易后難,循序漸進(jìn),與增加機(jī)會(huì)無關(guān)。這道題選擇D。
  35. D
  這道題問作者對(duì)如今發(fā)生在孩子們身上的變化是如何看待的。
  A,他覺得孩子們的早熟行為十分有趣。
  B,他覺得這是一個(gè)值得注意的現(xiàn)象。
  C,他認(rèn)為這是一種積極的進(jìn)步。
  D,他似乎為此充滿憂慮。
  本題考查對(duì)全篇材料的理解,必須結(jié)合全文的各種信息,尋找文章中流露出作者態(tài)度的地方,后做出判斷。第二段中As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school,這里把自己和現(xiàn)在的小孩進(jìn)行對(duì)比,暗含現(xiàn)在的小孩不應(yīng)該這么小就感到“depressed”的意思,應(yīng)該說對(duì)孩子們身上的變化是持否定態(tài)度的。
  第四段作者提出:Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say,似乎對(duì)兒童的變化是好是壞沒有做出評(píng)判,但再看后一段后一句話Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials,這里赫然使用了must這樣帶有強(qiáng)烈肯定色彩的詞,可見作者的態(tài)度并不像第四段說的那樣,而是對(duì)孩子們身上發(fā)生的變化持有明顯的否定態(tài)度,說他為這種現(xiàn)象感到憂慮也不為過。
  四個(gè)題支中D表達(dá)了作者的這種態(tài)度。B似乎也有道理,但不如D準(zhǔn)確、具體,所以還是應(yīng)該選擇D。

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