歷年英語四級閱讀真題全解析(2004-2006)
- 第1頁:2004.6-Passage Two
- 第2頁:2004.6-Passage Three
- 第3頁:2004.6-PassageFour
- 第4頁:2005.1-Passage One
- 第5頁:2005.1-Passage Two
- 第6頁:2005.1-Passage Three
- 第7頁:2005.1-Passage Four
- 第8頁:2005.6-Passage 1
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答問卷者) listed “to give children a good start academically” as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.
In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (強調個性發展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.
Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’s chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.
16. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe ________.
A) Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents
B) Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements
C) Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction
D) Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs(C)
17. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to ________.
A) problem solving
B) group experience
C) parental guidance
D) individually-oriented development(B)
18. In Japan’s preschool education, the focus is on ________.
A) preparing children academically
B) developing children’s artistic interests
C) tapping children’s potential
D) shaping children’s character(D)
19. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to ________.
A) broaden children’s horizon
B) cultivate children’s creativity
C) lighten children’s study load
D) enrich children’s knowledge(C)
20. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?
A) They can do better in their future studies.
B) They can accumulate more group experience there.
C) They can be individually oriented when they grow up.
D) They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.(D)
這是一篇講述日本學前教育的材料,因為文章是講給美國人看的,所以附帶介紹美國的學 前教育以和日本進行對比。材料一共只有三大段,大段指出日本學前教育的側重點,第二段進一步說明日本學前教育側重點中對集體主義的重視,第三段則說明 日本學前教育除集體主義外的豐富內容。
段開頭實際上提出了研究日本學前教育的原因:low academic achievement by children in theUnited States,大意是美國的兒童教育成效不明顯,這迫使人們把目光投向了教育和經濟水平都很高的日本,以期得到答案(for possible answers)。這一探詢的結果是出乎美國人意料的,日本學前教育很少強調功課指導(little emphasis is put on academic instruction),這也是本文的主要觀點。文章接下來以問卷調查為論據對這一觀點進行了論證。
問卷調查的結果是日本人更重視堅韌、專注和集體主義等素質的培養(but rather skills such as persistence,concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group),第二段繼續對集體主義這一項素質做了進一步說明(可見其重要性):91%的日本人將其列為學前教育的三大目標之一(91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providingchildren with a group experience),這項教育甚至會延續到小學教育(continuesinto elementary school education)。
后一段討論了除去上述素質教育外,日本學前教育的其他內容和特色。其中包括早期音樂訓練和潛力發掘(early musical training or potentialdevelopment),附屬于大學(這一項屬于特色),以及自由玩耍(have introduced free play)。
16. C
題目問從段可以獲知許多美國人認為……
A,日本父母比美國父母更多地參與學前教育。
B,日本的經濟成功是其科學成就的結果。
C,日本學前教育強調功課指導。
D,日本更高級的教育比美國的更加優越。
段的內容很長,幾乎占全篇文章的二分之一,所以,題目雖說讓我們從段進行推理,實際上考查的只能是段開頭部分的內容,而不可能是全段內容。
題目的關鍵信息是“美國人認為”,也就需要在段開頭部分尋找和美國人的觀點有關的內容。
首先,句話中就出現了many Americans,和題目照應。這一句話的意思是美國人因為自身的學前教育成效不大而把目光投向日本,原因就是看到了日本的教育成就和經濟成功。這里的教育成就和經濟成功是并列關系,并不存在因果關系,所以可以判斷B的說法是錯誤的。
第二句話很簡短,意思是美國人發現日本的學前教育和他們預想的不一樣。第三句則解釋了日本學前教育的特點:日本學前教育很少強調功課指導。這一特點是美國人沒有預料到的,那么美國人此前的觀點就應該是日本人比較強調功課指導。C的說法與此相符。
第四句以后的內容是進一步詳述日本學前教育的這一特點,可以判斷題考查的內容應該截止到第三句話。在這三句話中,沒有提到A的說法,可以排除A。D所說的higher education應該是指比學前教育更高級的教育,但從文章開頭可看出,美國人教育成就較低的是兒童教育(low academic achievement by children),而非更高級的教育。
17. B
題目問多數受調查的美國人認為幼兒園(學前班)也應當重視什么。
A,解決問題能力的培養
B,團隊經驗
C,父母指導
D,強調個性發展
A的說法在文中找不到,可見文章沒有論述過problem solving,可以排除A。B和D在第二段第二句話中可以找到相應內容。其中與B相關的論述是:受訪的62%的美國人把團隊經驗列為學前教育的三大目標之一。62%是一個較大的比例,可以看做是MostAmericans surveyed,因此可以把B選作正確答案。與D有關的詞組individually oriented是Americans的修飾語,表明相對于強調集體主義的日本人來說,美國人更加重視個性發展(但即便是這樣,依然有62%的受訪美國人選擇了團隊經驗)。所以,individually oriented并不是美國人對學前教育的觀點。
C所說的父母指導在段后一句有所提及,那一句的意思是日本孩子的閱讀能力的培養是在家庭中由父母來完成的。這與本題無關。
18. D
題目問日本的學前教育的焦點在于什么。
A,功課教育準備
B,培養孩子的藝術興趣
C,開發孩子的潛能
D,塑造孩子的性格
A所說的功課教育是這篇材料首先否定的內容(little emphasis is put on academic instruction,功課指導所受重視甚少),所以可以立即排除。B所談的藝術興趣和C所談的潛能在第三段開頭有所提及,Some Japanese kindergartens have specificaims, such as early musical training or potential development,這里的musical training應該屬于藝術范疇,而potentialdevelopment和C的說法直接吻合。不過,句子的個單詞some表明這種現象只存在與某些幼兒園,屬個別行為,而題目問的是focus,屬普遍現象。從邏輯角度講,B和C如果某一個符合題意,那么另外一個必然也符合題意,這就會出現兩個正確答案,而這是不可能的。故此可以排除B和C。
段后半部分有一句話道出了日本學前教育的重心所在:but rather skills such as persistence,concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group,諸如堅韌、專注、團隊意識等能力應該屬于D所說的性格范疇。本題應該選擇D。
19. C
題目問某些日本幼兒園引入了自由玩耍,目的是什么。
A,開拓孩子的視野。
B,培養孩子的創造力。
C,減輕孩子的學習負擔。
D,豐富孩子的知識。
題目里給出了關鍵詞free play,需要在文章后半部分尋找這個詞組。
它出現在了材料后一句中:Several more progressive programs have introduced freeplay as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanesekindergartens,可以看到introduced free play as a way out for這個詞組和題目基本一致,那么for后面即為引入free play的目的。Theheavy intellectualizing中的核心詞intellectualizing意為知識化,實際就是文化教育。修飾詞heavy表面意思是“沉重的”,用來修飾“文化教育”時,可以很容易地聯想到“課業沉重”一詞,這也是這個短語的本來意思。玩耍作為課業沉重的一種“解決方案”,其作用自然就是減輕孩子的學習負擔。本題應該選擇C。
20. D
題目問為什么有些日本父母把孩子送到大學附屬的幼兒園。
A,孩子們可以在未來的學習中做得更好。
B,在這樣的幼兒園里孩子們可以積累更多的團體經驗。
C,長大后可以獲得個性發展。
D,更有機會獲得一流教育。
可以判斷題目里的關鍵信息是university-based,這個詞出現在了后一段中:Some Japanese parents believe that if theiryoung children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’schances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities,意思是有些父母認為,如果把孩子送入大學附屬的幼兒園,將會增加孩子們終進入學校和大學的機會。
B和C提到的個性發展和團體經驗都是前兩段的內容,前面幾道題已經考查過,本題顯然和這二者無關。A和D都提到了學習,D中的gettinga first-rate education直接與后一段being admitted to top-ratedschools and universities意思一致,應為正確答案。A雖然也提到未來教育,但do better in their future studies僅指明學習本身更好(通常指成績好),過于空泛,不如D所述明確,可以排除。
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答問卷者) listed “to give children a good start academically” as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.
In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (強調個性發展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.
Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’s chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.
16. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe ________.
A) Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents
B) Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements
C) Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction
D) Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs(C)
17. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to ________.
A) problem solving
B) group experience
C) parental guidance
D) individually-oriented development(B)
18. In Japan’s preschool education, the focus is on ________.
A) preparing children academically
B) developing children’s artistic interests
C) tapping children’s potential
D) shaping children’s character(D)
19. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to ________.
A) broaden children’s horizon
B) cultivate children’s creativity
C) lighten children’s study load
D) enrich children’s knowledge(C)
20. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?
A) They can do better in their future studies.
B) They can accumulate more group experience there.
C) They can be individually oriented when they grow up.
D) They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.(D)
這是一篇講述日本學前教育的材料,因為文章是講給美國人看的,所以附帶介紹美國的學 前教育以和日本進行對比。材料一共只有三大段,大段指出日本學前教育的側重點,第二段進一步說明日本學前教育側重點中對集體主義的重視,第三段則說明 日本學前教育除集體主義外的豐富內容。
段開頭實際上提出了研究日本學前教育的原因:low academic achievement by children in theUnited States,大意是美國的兒童教育成效不明顯,這迫使人們把目光投向了教育和經濟水平都很高的日本,以期得到答案(for possible answers)。這一探詢的結果是出乎美國人意料的,日本學前教育很少強調功課指導(little emphasis is put on academic instruction),這也是本文的主要觀點。文章接下來以問卷調查為論據對這一觀點進行了論證。
問卷調查的結果是日本人更重視堅韌、專注和集體主義等素質的培養(but rather skills such as persistence,concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group),第二段繼續對集體主義這一項素質做了進一步說明(可見其重要性):91%的日本人將其列為學前教育的三大目標之一(91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providingchildren with a group experience),這項教育甚至會延續到小學教育(continuesinto elementary school education)。
后一段討論了除去上述素質教育外,日本學前教育的其他內容和特色。其中包括早期音樂訓練和潛力發掘(early musical training or potentialdevelopment),附屬于大學(這一項屬于特色),以及自由玩耍(have introduced free play)。
16. C
題目問從段可以獲知許多美國人認為……
A,日本父母比美國父母更多地參與學前教育。
B,日本的經濟成功是其科學成就的結果。
C,日本學前教育強調功課指導。
D,日本更高級的教育比美國的更加優越。
段的內容很長,幾乎占全篇文章的二分之一,所以,題目雖說讓我們從段進行推理,實際上考查的只能是段開頭部分的內容,而不可能是全段內容。
題目的關鍵信息是“美國人認為”,也就需要在段開頭部分尋找和美國人的觀點有關的內容。
首先,句話中就出現了many Americans,和題目照應。這一句話的意思是美國人因為自身的學前教育成效不大而把目光投向日本,原因就是看到了日本的教育成就和經濟成功。這里的教育成就和經濟成功是并列關系,并不存在因果關系,所以可以判斷B的說法是錯誤的。
第二句話很簡短,意思是美國人發現日本的學前教育和他們預想的不一樣。第三句則解釋了日本學前教育的特點:日本學前教育很少強調功課指導。這一特點是美國人沒有預料到的,那么美國人此前的觀點就應該是日本人比較強調功課指導。C的說法與此相符。
第四句以后的內容是進一步詳述日本學前教育的這一特點,可以判斷題考查的內容應該截止到第三句話。在這三句話中,沒有提到A的說法,可以排除A。D所說的higher education應該是指比學前教育更高級的教育,但從文章開頭可看出,美國人教育成就較低的是兒童教育(low academic achievement by children),而非更高級的教育。
17. B
題目問多數受調查的美國人認為幼兒園(學前班)也應當重視什么。
A,解決問題能力的培養
B,團隊經驗
C,父母指導
D,強調個性發展
A的說法在文中找不到,可見文章沒有論述過problem solving,可以排除A。B和D在第二段第二句話中可以找到相應內容。其中與B相關的論述是:受訪的62%的美國人把團隊經驗列為學前教育的三大目標之一。62%是一個較大的比例,可以看做是MostAmericans surveyed,因此可以把B選作正確答案。與D有關的詞組individually oriented是Americans的修飾語,表明相對于強調集體主義的日本人來說,美國人更加重視個性發展(但即便是這樣,依然有62%的受訪美國人選擇了團隊經驗)。所以,individually oriented并不是美國人對學前教育的觀點。
C所說的父母指導在段后一句有所提及,那一句的意思是日本孩子的閱讀能力的培養是在家庭中由父母來完成的。這與本題無關。
18. D
題目問日本的學前教育的焦點在于什么。
A,功課教育準備
B,培養孩子的藝術興趣
C,開發孩子的潛能
D,塑造孩子的性格
A所說的功課教育是這篇材料首先否定的內容(little emphasis is put on academic instruction,功課指導所受重視甚少),所以可以立即排除。B所談的藝術興趣和C所談的潛能在第三段開頭有所提及,Some Japanese kindergartens have specificaims, such as early musical training or potential development,這里的musical training應該屬于藝術范疇,而potentialdevelopment和C的說法直接吻合。不過,句子的個單詞some表明這種現象只存在與某些幼兒園,屬個別行為,而題目問的是focus,屬普遍現象。從邏輯角度講,B和C如果某一個符合題意,那么另外一個必然也符合題意,這就會出現兩個正確答案,而這是不可能的。故此可以排除B和C。
段后半部分有一句話道出了日本學前教育的重心所在:but rather skills such as persistence,concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group,諸如堅韌、專注、團隊意識等能力應該屬于D所說的性格范疇。本題應該選擇D。
19. C
題目問某些日本幼兒園引入了自由玩耍,目的是什么。
A,開拓孩子的視野。
B,培養孩子的創造力。
C,減輕孩子的學習負擔。
D,豐富孩子的知識。
題目里給出了關鍵詞free play,需要在文章后半部分尋找這個詞組。
它出現在了材料后一句中:Several more progressive programs have introduced freeplay as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanesekindergartens,可以看到introduced free play as a way out for這個詞組和題目基本一致,那么for后面即為引入free play的目的。Theheavy intellectualizing中的核心詞intellectualizing意為知識化,實際就是文化教育。修飾詞heavy表面意思是“沉重的”,用來修飾“文化教育”時,可以很容易地聯想到“課業沉重”一詞,這也是這個短語的本來意思。玩耍作為課業沉重的一種“解決方案”,其作用自然就是減輕孩子的學習負擔。本題應該選擇C。
20. D
題目問為什么有些日本父母把孩子送到大學附屬的幼兒園。
A,孩子們可以在未來的學習中做得更好。
B,在這樣的幼兒園里孩子們可以積累更多的團體經驗。
C,長大后可以獲得個性發展。
D,更有機會獲得一流教育。
可以判斷題目里的關鍵信息是university-based,這個詞出現在了后一段中:Some Japanese parents believe that if theiryoung children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’schances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities,意思是有些父母認為,如果把孩子送入大學附屬的幼兒園,將會增加孩子們終進入學校和大學的機會。
B和C提到的個性發展和團體經驗都是前兩段的內容,前面幾道題已經考查過,本題顯然和這二者無關。A和D都提到了學習,D中的gettinga first-rate education直接與后一段being admitted to top-ratedschools and universities意思一致,應為正確答案。A雖然也提到未來教育,但do better in their future studies僅指明學習本身更好(通常指成績好),過于空泛,不如D所述明確,可以排除。
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