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歷年英語四級閱讀真題全解析(2004-2006)

  Passage Three
  Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
  Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.
  A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北極的) snow were declining.
  In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (區分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.
  In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.
  Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.
  The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.
  Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生態系統) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.
  21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________.
  A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results
  B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase
  C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected
  D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow(D)
  22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________.
  A) was discouraged
  B) was enforced by law
  C) was prohibited by law
  D) was introduced(B)
  23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?
  A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.
  B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.
  C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.
  D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.(D)
  24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________.
  A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
  B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with
  C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
  D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions(A)
  25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________.
  A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution
  B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline
  C) still consider lead pollution a problem
  D) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution(C)
  這是一篇典型報刊寫法的文章,文章開頭首先點出全篇論述的主題,把核心思想和關鍵信息和盤托出。段提供的信息主要有兩點,一是六七十年代的鉛沉積的主要源頭是美國(primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissionsoriginating in the United States),二是無鉛汽油在美國推廣后,全球范圍內的鉛沉積減少幅度很大(the lead accumulation worldwide has decreasedsignificantly)。以后段落的內容全部圍繞這兩個信息點展開說明。
  第二段是對段所提供的兩點信息進行具體地解釋,其中包括信息來源(個信息源于《自然》雜志),研究機構(National Center for Scientific Research in France),研究者(Dr. Charles Boutron),以及信息細節(研究對象是格陵蘭的雪);第二個信息源于Boutron于1991年發表的另一項研究成果。
  第三段是對個信息的說明,指出之所以把格陵蘭的雪中沉積的鉛歸因于美國的含鉛汽油,是因為美國與其他地區所使用的汽油成分比率不同,這里的雪中鉛的比率大部分符合美國汽油特點。
  接下來的三個段落是對第二個信息的說明。首先是信息來源(《Ambio》雜志)和信息內容(lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States haddecreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline),其次是研究結果發表之前許多科學家們的設想(Many scientists had believed that……),后是研究主要過程(examinedsamples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forestfloors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania)。
  后一段總結了這兩項研究成果的現實意義,指出其不應成為對污染不加控制的理由(should not be used as a license to pollute)。
  21. D
  題目問《Nature》雜志上發表的研究顯示……
  A,Clean Air Act法案沒有產生預期的效果。
  B,北極雪鉛沉積在持續增加。
  C,鉛在雪和土壤中的停留時間會比預想的時間長。
  D,北極雪鉛污染的元兇是美國。
  題目里的關鍵信息是nature雜志,在第二段提到了這家雜志:Astudy published recently in the journal Nature shows that……這句話可以說和題目幾乎一樣,那么該句that后面的賓語從句也就是本題的答案所在。
  Air-borneleaded gas emissions from the United Stateswere the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland.
  主語的核心是gas emissions,也就是鉛的散播。Air-borneleaded,表明鉛是通過空氣傳播的。From the United States說明鉛散播的來源:美國。核心謂語是Were the leading contributor,表明“是主要貢獻者”。To the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland表明貢獻的對象為“格陵蘭雪鉛的高度集中”。合起來的意思就是源頭在美國的鉛散播是格陵蘭雪鉛高度集中的主因。
  四個選項中D的說法與此完全一致,可以放心選D。
  22. D
  題目問無鉛汽油的使用在美國被……后,世界范圍內的鉛沉積顯著減少。
  A,被妨礙之后。
  B,在法律強行施行之后。
  C,被法律禁止以后。
  D,被引進以后。
  題目里的關鍵信息是無鉛汽油,需要在文中尋找與無鉛汽油以及鉛沉積下降有關的內容。可以發現前三大段都沒有出現無鉛汽油的內容,直到第四段才次有了unleaded這個詞。句子為:scientistsfound that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreasedmarkedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline,大意是美國東北部土壤中的鉛含量水平在無鉛汽油引進后顯著下降。這句話里的markedly和題目中的significantly屬于同義詞,decreased在原文和題目中都有,同時選項D中的introduced和原文中的introduction相照應,可以判斷本題選D。
  23. D
  題目問科學家們如何發現格陵蘭島的鉛污染源。
  A,通過分析發表在Nature和Ambio等雜志上的數據。
  B,通過觀察北極不同地區的鉛沉積量。
  C,通過研究美國東北部的土壤和積雪中的化學元素。
  D,通過對比不同國家含鉛汽油的化學成分。
  關于格陵蘭島的鉛污染源問題是第三段論述的內容。第三段一共兩句話,句是一個長句,Dr. Boutron found the ratios of thedifferent forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States weredifferent from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thusenabled scientists todifferentiatethe lead sources,這一句話的結構是由and連接的遞進關系的兩個主謂結構。個主謂結構的內容是一位博士的發現:在美國使用的汽油中的不同鉛的比率和其他地方的不同;第二個主謂結構是這一發現的所帶來的成果:可以使科學家們區分鉛的來源。
  第二句敘述的是句所表達內容所產生的結果:The dominant lead ratio found in Greenlandsnow matched that found in gasoline from the United States,科學家們發現在格陵蘭積雪中的鉛比率與美國汽油中的一致。由此就可以推斷,格陵蘭島的鉛污染源是美國。這一推理過程十分清晰,起決定作用的是鉛比率的發現。
  關于A,閱讀文章可知,發表在雜志上的報告本身揭示了鉛的污染源,而不是通過研究報告然后推斷出污染源。所以A的說法錯誤。
  B的說法是第二段后一句的內容:lead levels inarctic snow weredeclining,這是博士早前研究的成果,意思是北極地區的含鉛水平在下降。這和鉛污染源沒有關系。
  C 的說法和第四段的內容有關,這一段的大意是在無鉛汽油引入以后,美國東北部土壤中的鉛含量顯著下降。如此說來,的確是對美國東北部的土壤內的化學成分進行 過研究,但沒有提到也對積雪進行了研究,因此C的說法不能算正確。另外,鉛污染源研究的核心在于鉛比率的發現,土壤鉛含量的下降只是鉛污染源理論的一個反 面證明而已。
  D的說法恰好是文章第三段所說明的內容,是正確的。
  24. A
  題目問該項研究的作者發現了什么。
  A,森林消解污染的速度快于預計。
  B,森林里的鉛沉積更不易處理。
  C,鉛沉積普遍分布在美國的森林之中。
  D,森林地區的上層土壤易受鉛排放的污染。
  題目中的關鍵信息顯然是Ambio study,可以發現四五六這三段描述的是有關Ambio study的內容。第四段介紹了study的內容,lead levels in soil in theNortheastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction ofunleaded gasoline,這句話比較容易理解,大意是引入無鉛汽油后,美國東北部土壤中的鉛含量顯著下降。四個選項都和森林有關,而這句話沒有提到森林,所以答案和此句關系不大。
  第五段的意思是科學家們以為鉛會在土壤和積雪中停留更長的時間。需要注意的是助動詞had,它表示“曾經相信”,賓語從句是科學家在該研究完成之前的想法,而不是該項研究所得出的結論。可以看到這一句也和四個選項無關。
  第六段一共兩句話,句陳述了一個事實,即該項研究的作者們檢查了不同時期美國幾個州的森林土壤。第二句是研究的結論:The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead fasterthan the scientists had expected,森林環境處理和消解鉛沉積的速度比科學家們預計的要快。這句話和A的說法正好契合,本題選擇A。
  B也是考查對第二句的理解,不過正好和句意相反。C和D都與句有關,但句是研究的內容,而不是研究的結果,所以C和D都不對。
  25. C
  題目問從后一段可以推斷出,科學家們……
  A,科學家們對森林污染的成因迷惑不解。
  B,科學家們因無鉛汽油得到使用而如釋重負。
  C,科學家們認為鉛污染依然是一個難題。
  D,科學家們缺少足夠的辦法來應付鉛污染。
  后一段僅有一句話,也不算長,一個小段出一道題,可見這個小段可能會造成一定的理解困難。
  這句話的核心部分是兩個由that引導的賓語從句,分別是certain parts of theecosystem respond rapidly to reductionsin atmospheric pollution和these findings should not be used as a license to pollute。句可以直譯為“生態系統的某些部分對大氣污染的下降反應迅速”,這里的大氣污染應該是指鉛排放,大氣污染下降的原因是無鉛汽油的使用。這一句含義應該是說無鉛汽油使用后,因環境(如森林)自行排解污染的能力很強,所以可以迅速消除污染。
  第二句直譯為“這些發現不應作為污染的通行證”,這些發現主要是指污染減少后,環境可以迅速排解污染。結合上一句的含義,可以判斷這句話的潛臺詞是“不能因為環境可以迅速排解污染就肆意排放污染”。
  A和文意不符,B正好和后一段的第二個賓語從句意思相反。這兩個選項可以排除。
  C和D都以消極態度看待鉛污染問題,符合第二個賓語從句的基調。不過,從文中只能大致看出科學家們對污染問題的憂慮態度,至于是否有辦法應付鉛污染,從文中無法做出判斷。所以這道題應該選擇C。

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